Here is an explanation of some concepts used in the new Education Law, as well as what will change in preschool education.
I hope you have already met the new education law, and, of course, drew attention to his novels. Let us dwell on some of them.
How do you now call?
The law has a special article that explains the basic concepts used in this document, which ensures their unambiguous interpretation. It will help you more clearly imagine what and about whom. Pay attention to some and explain them. For example:
Teaching - This is the one we call a student, student, graduate student, listener, cadet, etc.
Educational organization - So now you should call educational institutions: kindergartens, schools, gymnasiums, lyceums, universities, colleges, extracurricular, etc. educational establishments. And still there organizations engaged in individual entrepreneurs carrying out educational activities . The common name of all engaged in educational activities - organizations carrying out educational activities .
Inclusive education - this is when children with limited features Health learn together with ordinary children.
Participants of educational relations - So now it is necessary to call participants in the educational process: students, their parents (legal representatives), pedagogical workers and their representatives, as well as organizations carrying out educational activities.
Pedagogical worker - This is a teacher, educator, music worker, teacher, teacher of additional education, etc. . All those who are in labor, official relations with an organization carrying out educational activities, and fulfills the duties for training, educate.
Conflict of the interests of the pedagogical worker. There was no such thing in education legislation before, although the conflict of interest had a place as an objective reality. This is a situation in which a pedagogical worker has a personal interest in obtaining a material benefit or other advantage and which affects or may affect the proper performance of the pedagogical worker of professional duties due to the contradiction between his personal interest and interests of students, parents (legal representatives ) Juvenile students.
Under the definitions of "conflict of interests of the pedagogical worker" and "personal interest", many specific situations fall in which the pedrattle can be in the process of fulfilling their official duties. The settlement of conflicts of interests will, as a rule, will have to be engaged in the representative of the administration of educational organizations and specially created for this commission.
Cleaning and care for children - This is a set of measures to organize nutrition and household services for children, ensuring compliance with personal hygiene and the regime of the day.
Preschool education
Preschool education now becomes an independent level of education, regulated by federal state educational standards and is free. No exams in kindergarten are not conducted. The issuance of the order to enroll the child to the preschool educational organization, created at the expense of physical and (or) legal entities, is preceded by the conclusion of an agreement on education.
Pre-school education can be carried out in a preschool institution and in the form of family education. Parents (legal representatives) that receive children of pre-school education in the form of family education are entitled to receive free methodical, psychological and pedagogical, diagnostic and advisory assistance in a kindergarten or consulting point of school.
According to the new law on education, preschool education is separated from the supervision and care of children. Listening and care for children can be carried out not only to educational organizations, but also other organizations that carry out educational activities on the implementation educational programs preschool education.
Cleaning and care for children becomes paid. At the same time, the restriction is canceled, according to which the parental fee should not exceed 20% of the cost of maintaining a child in a kindergarten, and in relation to parents who have 3 children - 10%. The amount will depend on the founder of the garden. At the same time, the founder is granted the right to not charge or reduce its size for individual categories of parents. At the same time, the norms for compensation for the part of the parent fee are preserved. It is assumed that low-income parents can pay less or not to pay at all. Children's disabled children, orphans and patients with tuberculosis will continue to be released from the board.
Novels of the new education law, part 1
Educational process - This is a training, communication, in the process of which managed knowledge, the assimilation of social and historical experience, reproduction, mastering one or another specific activity underlying the formation of a person. The meaning of learning is that the teacher and the student interact with each other, in other words, this process is bilateral.
Due to learning, the educational process, educational impact occurs. The impact of the teacher stimulate the activity of the trainee, reaching a certain, predetermined goal, and manage this activity. The educational process includes a set of funds with which the necessary and sufficient conditions are created to manifest the activity of the student. The educational process is a combination of the didactic process, the motivation of students to the teaching, educational and educational activities of the student and the activities of the Teaching Management Teacher.
In order for the educational process to be effective, it is necessary to distinguish between the organization's organization and the time of study in organizing activities. The organization of the second component is the immediate task of the teacher. The effectiveness of the educational process will be built on how the educational process will depend on the process of interaction between the student and teacher. The subject of the student's activities in the educational process are actions performed by them to achieve the intended result of activities that in one way or another. Here, the most important qualities of this activity are independence, willingness to overcome the difficulties associated with the abatibility and will, and the efficiency, which involves proper understanding fabricated tasks and choosing the desired action and the pace of its decision.
Given the dynamism of our modern life, we can say that knowledge, skills and skills are also unstable phenomena that are subject to change. Therefore, the educational process should be built taking into account the update in the information space. Thus, the content of the educational process is not only the need to master knowledge, skills, skills, but also the development of human mental processes, the formation of moral and legal beliefs and actions.
An important characteristic of the educational process is its cyclicity. Here cycle - This is a combination of certain acts of the educational process. The main indicators of each cycle: goals (global and subject), means and result (associated with the level of development educational material, degree of educational student). Mix four cycles.
Initial cycle.Purpose: awareness and understanding of students of the main idea and practical significance of the material being studied, and the development of ways to reproduce the knowledge studied and the method of their use in practice.
Second cycle.Purpose: concretization, expanded reproduction of knowledge studied and their explicit awareness.
Third cycle.Purpose: Systematization, generalization of concepts, the use of studied in life practice.
Final cycle.Purpose: Check and taking into account the results of previous cycles using control and self-control.
The educational process is training, communication, in the process of which managed knowledge, the assimilation of social and historical experience, reproduction, mastering one or another specific activity underlying the formation of a person. Due to learning, the educational process, educational impact occurs.
In order for the educational process to be effective, it is necessary to distinguish between the organization's organization and the time of study in organizing activities. The organization of the second component is the immediate task of the teacher. The effectiveness of the educational process will be built on how the educational process will depend on the process of interaction between the student and teacher.
Given the dynamism of our modern life, we can say that knowledge, skills and skills are also unstable phenomena that are subject to change. Therefore, the educational process should be built taking into account the update in the information space. Thus, the content of the educational process is not only the need to master knowledge, skills, skills, but also the development of human mental processes, the formation of moral and legal beliefs and actions.
An important characteristic of the educational process is its cyclicity. Here the cycle is a combination of certain acts of the educational process. The main indicators of each cycle: goals (global and subject), means and result (associated with the level of learning material development, the degree of educational student). Mix four cycles.
Initial cycle. Purpose: awareness and understanding of students of the main idea and practical significance of the material being studied, and the development of ways to reproduce the knowledge studied and the method of their use in practice.
Second cycle. Purpose: concretization, expanded reproduction of knowledge studied and their explicit awareness.
Third cycle. Purpose: Systematization, generalization of concepts, the use of studied in life practice.
Final cycle. Purpose: Check and taking into account the results of previous cycles using control and self-control.
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therefore educational process Must be built, taking into account the update in the information space. -
2) How much educational process is an process Introduction to holistic activities -
Training tools in correctional educational process must correspond processes Special education. -
Leading trends modern Development world educational / process. Education. Education. -
... graduate training educational institutions, as well as basic requirements for ensuring educational process». -
Essence of education in the structure: educational process. Education - this is process Transmission of knowledge gained knowledge and cultural property. -
IN educational process Checking the results of education is carried out by various paths: 1) Analysis of the answers to the direct questions
Pedagogical process as a system
Process (lat. Processus - passage, promotion) - natural, sequential change Phenomena, its transition to another phenomenon.
Pedagogical process - Specially organized developing interaction of the teacher and pupils aimed at achieving the objectives of education, the formation of the personality and the individuality of educated.
In pedagogical works, the terms "educational and educational process" and "educational process" are also used, more often as synonymous concept of the "pedagogical process", although attempts are made to produce the content of the concepts of concepts.
The pedagogical process is a system consisting of a number of subsystems, interconnected with each other - see Figure 1.
Figure 1 - pedagogical process as a system (according to I. P. Podline)
The pedagogical process system is not reduced to any of its subsystems, it is merged into the formation, development, education and learning processes together with all conditions, forms and methods of their flow. At the same time, each of the subsystems has its own features.
Learning process - Systematic targeted interaction of the teacher and the student aimed at assigning the last knowledge, skills and skills, self-education methods.
Education process - systematic targeted interaction of the teacher and pupils aimed at assigning the latest system of relations to peace and oneself.
Development process - systematic targeted interaction of the teacher and trainee, aimed at stimulating the physical and mental development of the latter.
The pedagogical process is not a mechanical connection of learning, education and development processes, individual components, but a qualitatively new education, characterized by integrity, generality, unity.
The pedagogical process can be analyzed and from the standpoint of an activity approach. In the above definitions of the pedagogical process and the components of his learning, education and development are traced the interaction of two subjects , emphasizes the importance of the so-called subject-subject . Pedagogical activity has a significant difference from other types of work, it is aimed at a special "object" - a pupil, which is the subject of the pedagogical process. The actual results of pedagogical activity can be achieved only if the teacher managed to ensure interaction with students, to include it in activities and communication corresponding to the pedagogical intent. That is, pedagogical activity is a kind of metaity associated with the organization of the activities of another person. And we are talking about the activities of the student (not about the actions committed on the instructions of the teacher), which is impossible without motivating and target installations of the trainee.
Basic common The characteristics of the pedagogical process are: focus, systemic, bilateral nature, dynamism, creative character, integrity.
Specificity of the pedagogical process in high school
· Target installation for professional training;
· Wider interaction of teachers and students;
· Close relationship with the research;
· Above the share of independent work of students;
· The tasks of education are solved mainly in the educational process;
· Combination of theoretical and practical training of students.
The main components of the pedagogical process (see Fig. 2) are the following:
· Target (goals and objectives),
· Organizational and activity (methods, forms, funds),
· Control and productive (control and diagnosis of the quality of education results).
Pedagogical objectives and tasks are divided into hierarchically related general (training, education, development), special (solvable subjects of the subject), private (solved by the means of a particular activity).
Figure 2 - the structure of the pedagogical process (according to V. I. Smirnov)
Functions, driving forces, Pedagogical Stages
When choosing the content and methods of pedagogical interaction, the teacher must navigate:
· Motivating the activities of the student (pupils);
· Stimulating their development (intellectual, spiritual, physical);
· Activation of student activities, self-realization of their capabilities and abilities;
· Humanistic nature of teaching relationships;
· Ensuring the assignment by students not only knowledge, skills and skills, but a system of value relations to the world around the world and yourself.
In the real pedagogical process, training, upbringing, development is always implemented. Nevertheless, widespread use has phrases: educational process, educational work, educational training, educating training. What do they mean? The answer to the question should be sought in the understanding of the functions of the pedagogical process as a holistic pedagogical phenomenon.
Pedagogical process function - Purpose, role, for which there was an organized and focused pedagogical process. The following features of the pedagogical process are distinguished: training, educational, developing, controlling, socializing, as well as methodological, methodical, professional. The last three functions are more inherent in the pedagogical process in the highest school. The training function is implemented through the organization of the assignment of knowledge learners and ways of activity. The educational function lies in the value-semantic orientation of the pedagogical process, in the development of a system of value relations to peace and oneself. The developing function is associated with the development of development of physical qualities, cognitive processes, activity, interests, abilities. Socializing function manifests itself in the acquisition of experience joint activity, Mastering the system of social relations and socially acceptable behavior, the control function is to ensure feedback in the pedagogical process (the teacher receives information about the progress of the process and its results and adjusts the pedagogical process, studying, reflecting, evaluates its achievements and misses).
The methodological function is associated with the orientation of the educational process on the development of scientific worldview of students, including the idea of \u200b\u200bthe principles and methods of scientific knowledge. The methodical function is associated with the need to take into account the specifics of the discipline taught when developing the content and methods of conducting classes. Professional function means the orientation of the pedagogical process (not only at the disciplines of the professional block, but also according to the general education) on the profession purchased by students.
The specificity of the pedagogical process is associated with the dominance of certain functions. So leading function educational process It is a training, but concomitant - educational and developing. Dominant function educational work It is educational, concomitant - training and developing. Term developing learning Indicates the purposeful work of the teacher for the development of students (for example, on the formation and development of logical skills). Raising Training is associated with a special organization of understanding by students of various value oriental landmarks (the acquisition of their own meaning of certain values).
The dominance of a particular function of the pedagogical process imposes its imprint on the specifics of the content, forms, methods, training and education tools.
The pedagogical process is the developing interaction of two subjects. Contradiction , objectively arising in this interaction, and are driving forces , that is, sources of development. These are two kinds of contradictions: a) between the increasing tasks that the teacher puts and the opportunities of the student in their decision, b) between the renewing needs of the pupil and the regulated teacher's capabilities of their satisfaction.
The first kind of contradictions have different options: between the cash and the required level of knowledge of students, between the knowledge and skills of them to apply them according to the sample, between knowledge, skills to act according to the sample and implementation creative activityBetween the levels of formation of relationships (higher, required, and lower, in cash).
The second kind of contradictions are associated with the need to take into account the teacher of age and individual characteristics of students, the level of their motivation, cognitive and other activity. The stages of the holistic pedagogical process are:
1) design (definition of goals, tasks, compilation of plans, work programs);
2) preparation (modeling of the process, taking into account the actual conditions);
3) an organization (the implementation of joint activities of the teacher and students, determining its effectiveness);
4) adjustment (amending);
5) Summing up (diagnosing results, identification of success and failures, determining their causes, prospects).
Educational systems
It should be paid to the fact that the pedagogical process as the system is not identical to the process flow system. Systems in which the pedagogical process is carried out include the education system as a whole, the regional education system, university, faculty, etc. Such systems received the name of educational (or educational). Each of these systems operates in certain external and internal conditions.
Educational system educational institution (Fig. 3) includes the following components: "Objectives expressed in the original concept (that is, the totality of ideas, for the implementation of which it is created); Activities ensuring its implementation; The subject of the activity, its organizing and participating in it; Relationships that integrate the subject in some kind of community are born in activity and communication; The system of system, developed by the subject, and management that ensures the integration of components into a holistic system, and the development of this system "(Karakovsky V. A., Novikova Ji. I., Selivanova I. L. Education? Education ... Education!: Theory and Practice of school educational systems. M., 1996).
Figure 3 - Educational system of educational institution
The functioning of the educational system of the university provides coordination of the interaction of all the subjects to which not only teachers and students (as in the pedagogical process) include, but also managerial employees of different levels (rector, vicectors, deans, heads of the department), auxiliary personnel (engineers, methodists, Secretaries, laboratory technicians), representatives of various services.
The educational system of the university consists of a number of neighboring subsystems, each of which, with common target installations (general educational policies), has its own characteristics, these are educational university systems in general, faculties, courses, groups.
Motivation of exercise
Motivation of exercise:
- a set of motives for educational activities;
- the process of prompting to active cognitive activity.
Cognitive interest:
- A positive, emotionally dyed attitude of the subject to the process of knowledge and its results.
Motivation of the exercise: incentives of cognitive interest
1. Personality of the teacher
· Interest in the subject;
· Interesting teaching;
· Living, emotionality;
· Logic, evidence of reasoning;
· Interest in the success of students;
· Experience in the specialty;
· Diversity of interests;
· sense of humor.
· Professional content of the content;
· availability;
· Bright facts, entertaining material;
· Examples from our own work experience;
· Examples from student practice;
· Problem;
· Show prospects in training;
· The significance of the material in the life of students;
· Paradoxics;
· Formation of general educational and intelligent skills
3. Organization of activities:
· Diversity of methods, techniques, forms, technologies for organizing students' activity;
· freedom of choice;
· Game, competitiveness;
· Visuality;
· Discussion;
· Practical orientation;
· Organization of activities in the context of professional;
· Creating a situation of success;
· Encouraging achievements;
· Use of other interests.
4. Group features:
· Intellectual group background;
· The level of manifestation of interest in teaching;
· The presence of other motives adopted in the group.
What is the educational process? The process (from lat. - advance) - a set of consecutive actions to achieve a kidogolybo result. The pedagogical process in the university is a set of consecutive actions of the teacher and the student for the purpose of education, development and formation of the identity of the latter. The educational process is a set of consecutive actions of the studying to achieve the educational result.
Fundamental education - Education Teaching Teaching Teaching Education is the process and result of consistent actions of the study
The organization of the pedagogical process is a set of the most effective actions leading to the formation and improvement of the relationship between the components of the pedagogical process.
Intensification (Franz.) - Increase intensity (intensity). Intensification of the educational process is a solution to the question of how at the lowest time of time, having increased the amount of information at each lesson to a maximum, to better improve the training of a specialist.
Intensification of the educational process - the strategy and tactics of the development of higher education, a means of improving the quality of training of specialists, it affects various aspects of the pedagogical system of the university: - students, teachers, - forms of organization of the educational process.
The purpose of the lesson to identify and evaluate the pros and cons intensification of the educational process, the problems that accompany its implementation, which it generates, outline possible ways to solve them.
Forms and Methods of Work 1 Stage - Individually - Diagnostic 2 Stage - MicroGroup 3 Stage - Collective Discussion (General Discussion) Summing up
Working in microGroups Everyone outlines its view to the questions set by colleagues: - pros and cons intensification of the educational process - the problems that it generates is possible ways to solve them.
Reflection in groups: did everyone have the opportunity to express their point of view, be heard? Who distinguished himself, enriched group opinion? Who did not work, why? Who will make a message from the group?
The structure of the pedagogical process is the subject of the subject (students, teachers, employers), this is a procedural composition (target, meaningful, operationalowel, motivational, assessment components)
What contributes to students? Interest in study, desire, perspective, diligence of manner of teaching material base and organization of training Convenient schedule
What prevents students' student learning? Inorganizations Combining studies with work Unsuccessful Schedule teachers Contents of training disciplines
Any profession has a specific structure: - specified goals, an idea of \u200b\u200bthe result of labor (for us it is the formation of a specialist as a person and a professional); - a given subject (educational, scientific research process); - a system of warehousing (they differ and can be real and unknown) - a system of professional official duties (given labor functions) and rights; - Production environment, subject and social working conditions.
Pedagogical activity is: - formulating pedagogical objectives - diagnostics of features and level of student training - the choice of the content of educational material for classes - the choice of methods of training is the design of their actions and actions of students - the establishment of discipline, the work environment in the class - stimulation of students' activity - the organization of their activities According to the educational material - the organization of its behavior in real conditions. - organization of students' activity - organization of control of the results of pedagogical impacts and adjustments - the establishment of the correct relationship with students - the implementation of educational work - analysis of the results of training, education - identification of deviations of the results from the goals set - analysis of the reasons for these deviations - design measures to eliminate these reasons - creative search New learning methods, upbringing
Abilities - individual-psychological features of a person expressing his readiness to master certain types of activities. Formed on the basis of deposit (congenital features). The ability is a subject of action by the subject that provides a set of acquired knowledge and skills. Formed by exercise.
1. The ability to transfer learning training material, making it accessible, to present the material or problem is clear and understandable, to cause interest in the subject, to initiate students active independent thought (didactic abilities).
2. Ability to the relevant area of \u200b\u200bscience (mathematics, physics, etc.). The actual teacher knows the subject not only in the scope of the training course, but significantly wider and deeper, constantly monitors the discoveries in his science, owns the material, shows a great interest to him, leads at least a modest research work (academic abilities).
4. The ability to clearly and clearly express thoughts, feelings with speech, as well as facial expressions and pantomimics. The teacher's speech is always distinguished by the inner strength, conviction, the interest that he says. The expression of thought is clear, simple, understandable for students (speech abilities).
5. Organizational abilities are, firstly, the ability to organize a student team, to unwind it, inspire important tasks to solve and, secondly, the ability to properly organize their own work, which implies the ability to properly plan and control it. In experienced teachers, a peculiar sense of time is produced - the ability to properly distribute work in time, fit in the planned time.
6. The ability of the immediate emotional-volitional influence on students and the ability on this basis to achieve authority from them (authoritarian abilities). The presence of volitional qualities (determination, excerpts, perseverance, demanding, etc.), as well as sense of their own responsibility, training and upbringing.
7. The ability to communicate with people, the ability to find the right approach to students, to establish with them suitable from a pedagogical point of view of the relationship, the presence of pedagogical tact (communicative abilities).
8. Pedagogical imagination (or prognostic abilities) is the ability to predict the consequences of their actions, the design of the student's personality, the idea that it will turn out in the future, in the ability to predict the development of certain student's qualities.
So, the teacher must have the following abilities: didactic academic perceptual speech organizational authoritarian communicative pedagogical imagination with the ability to distribute attention
Gnostic skills: - Remove new knowledge from various sources, from research on own activities; - to work independently with various sources of information; - allocate the main thing, significant in the selection and structuring of the educational material and the presentation of it; - analyze pedagogical situations; Formulated, pedagogical tasks; - to produce new knowledge necessary for their productive solution, analyze solutions and results, compare the desired result and real; - logically arguing and conducting logical calculations; - exercise search, heuristic activities; - Study, summarize and implement advanced experience.
Design skills: - to carry out promising planning of strategic, tactical, operational tasks and how to solve them; - anticipate the possible results from the solution of the pedagogical task system during the entire educational time on which planning is being planned; - to schedule the results that need to be achieved by completing this or that work; - Teach students to put and implement the goals of independent work; - to put academic work, plan its achievement, provide for possible difficulties; - design the content of the readable course; - Design your own pedagogical activity.
Constructive skills: - Select and structure information into newly developed training courses; - select and compositely structuring the content of educational and educational information on the upcoming lesson; - play different options for building classes in the conditions of a system of prescriptions, technical means of learning, a certain time, during which a specific task must be solved; - to select the forms of organization, methods and means of training; - Design new pedagogical learning technologies, exercising control over the academic activities of students.
Organizational skills: - organize group and individual work of students, taking into account all factors; - organize individual and conduct business training and technological games, discussions, trainings; - to manage the mental state of students on training activities; - diagnose cognitive opportunities and the results of cognitive activity; - evaluate the results of the study work, compliance with the level of learning material achieved by software requirements and potential student capabilities; - Correction of training activities.
Communicative skills: - Build interaction, relationships between teachers and students for the effective organization of the pedagogical process and achieve positive labor results; - build the interaction of teachers and students depending on the purpose, contents, forms of the organization, learning methods; - individually affect the student during the frontal presentation of the educational material; - Install benevolent, trusting relationships with students; - to produce a single opinion about the correct choice of action, behavior; - Motivate participants in the pedagogical process to upcoming activities.
Structure of the pedagogical process Determining the goals of education, training (target component) Development of the content of education meaningful) Determination of the training procedure (upbringing), the interaction of participants (operational and activity) Check, evaluation, analysis analysis (Evaluation-Results)