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Chart of accounts for 2018 (download)
Russian companies, as before, must use the Chart of Accounts - 2018 without fail. Let's consider which legal acts regulate the 2018 chart of accounts and how to correctly apply this document.
What is a chart of accounts?
Charts of accounts are consolidated documents approved by regulatory legal acts at the federal level. There are several industry-specific types of relevant documents.
Thus, the chart of accounts for the commercial sector was approved by order of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated October 31, 2000 No. 94n. Russian taxpayers must use this document as the basis for creating an internal accounting work plan (paragraph 4 of the Instructions for using the chart of accounts, approved by Order No. 94n).
The accounting plan is a key source for completing the documents that make up the organization's balance sheet. A little later we will look at how their components relate to each other.
In accordance with the internal work plan accounts, firms operating in the Russian Federation carry out standardized accounting of various business transactions related to asset management, fulfillment of obligations, expenditure of funds, extraction of income, etc.
The main elements of the chart of accounts approved by the Ministry of Finance for private companies are as follows:
- numbers and names of main accounts;
- numbers and names of subaccounts.
When forming its own work plan, the organization does not have the right to change the first 2 parameters, but the parameters of subaccounts can. If necessary, the firm can also approve additional subaccounts.
As a rule, to effectively reflect business transactions, the accounts proposed by the Ministry of Finance require further detail. The company can do this by introducing its own analytical accounts, supplementing those recorded in Order No. 94n.
Let's look at what other accounting plans there are.
Which legal acts approved the charts of accounts for financial and economic activities?
We noted above that commercial organizations are required to formulate working accounting plans based on the provisions of Order No. 94n. This legal regulation can be supplemented by sources of law that adapt accounting legislation to the activities of certain categories of taxpayers. Among such regulations is Order No. 64n of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated December 21, 1998, which approved recommendations for accounting for small enterprises.
The need for accounting is also legally established for state and municipal organizations. The main regulatory legal act establishing the accounting plan for such structures is Order of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated December 1, 2010 No. 157n. There are also complementary sources of law:
- order No. 174n dated December 16, 2010, which approved the accounting plan for budgetary institutions;
- Order No. 183n dated December 23, 2010, which approved the accounting plan for autonomous institutions.
In turn, government organizations are required to work within the framework of budget accounting - a subtype of accounting, adapted mainly for accounting for non-commercial financial transactions. The corresponding chart of accounts is given in the order of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated December 6, 2010 No. 162n.
A separate accounting plan was approved for banks operating in the Russian Federation by regulation of the Central Bank of the Russian Federation dated February 27, 2017 No. 579-P.
A separate accounting plan for non-credit financial organizations, approved by the Bank of Russia dated September 2, 2015 No. 486-P. Non-credit financial structures include, in particular, insurance companies. Thus, in the Russian Federation several types of charts of accounts have been established. But the main one for the commercial sphere is traditionally considered to be the one approved by Order No. 94n. Let's study its features, in particular, determine who needs to use it.
Who should use the accounting chart of accounts
The accounting chart of accounts approved by Order No. 94n must be used by organizations that, in accordance with the law, are obliged, firstly, to maintain accounting, and secondly, to use the double entry method in the process of maintaining it. These are all business entities in the Russian Federation, except:
- credit and state (municipal) institutions;
- branches and representative offices of foreign companies.
Individual entrepreneurs and branches of foreign companies have the right not to keep accounting records at all. Micro-enterprises and non-profit organizations may not use double entry and therefore not use the accounts recorded in Order No. 94n (clause 2.1 of the information of the Ministry of Finance of Russia No. PZ-3/2015). But in practice, this turns out to be not very convenient, so micro-enterprises, one way or another, still use accounts from those approved by the Ministry of Finance.
For some enterprises, the legislator establishes a preference in the form of the opportunity to maintain a simplified working chart of accounts. Let's consider this aspect in more detail.
Who can use the simplified chart of accounts?
In accordance with information from the Ministry of Finance of Russia No. PZ-3/2015, the preference in question can be used by:
- small businesses;
- companies operating in Skolkovo.
The use of a simplified accounting chart of accounts involves, first of all, reducing the number of synthetic accounts used in the structure of the work plan. Another relaxation is the ability not to use accounting registers in the work (clause 4.1 of information No. PZ-3/2015).
Chart of accounts table with subaccounts: correlation with the balance sheet
So, a significant part of Russian companies are required to work with a standard chart of accounts. The full accounting plan is reflected in order No. 94n in the form of a table. Its structure consists of 8 sections. Let's consider the connection between these sections, including accounts and subaccounts, with sections of the balance sheet.
The accounts of section 1 of the accounting plan are intended to reflect transactions with non-current assets. The balances on these accounts are the source of data for the formation of balance sheet lines in terms of non-current assets.
The accounts of section 2 of the accounting plan are used to reflect business transactions on inventories. The account balance of section 2 is used to fill out the section reflecting current assets in the balance sheet. For a similar purpose, data from sections 3 “Production Costs”, 4 “Finished Products and Goods” and 5 “Cash” of the accounting plan is used.
Read about the reflection of individual transactions in the accounts in our materials:
The indicators reflected in the accounts included in section 6 “Calculations” are used to reflect information about receivables and payables (including long-term ones).
How to reflect the issuance of accountable amounts, look in the material.
Sections 7 “Capital” and 8 “Financial Results” of the chart of accounts contain accounts that reflect data on capital, target financing, and the financial result of the organization.
For financial results accounting entries, see the article .
The procedure for reflecting retained earnings can be found in the article.
New chart of accounts for 2018
Did 2018 bring any legislative adjustments to the chart of accounts? The answer to this question depends on the scope of application of the relevant document.
Order of the Ministry of Finance of Russia No. 94n, used by commercial firms, was issued quite a long time ago - about 15 years ago. It can be noted that since that moment, changes have been made to it 3 times:
- by order No. 38n dated 05/07/2003;
- by order of September 18, 2006 No. 115n;
- by order of November 8, 2010 No. 142n.
Thus, the provisions of Order No. 94n have not been adjusted for almost 7 years. So there is no need to say that in 2018 a new accounting plan for commercial firms appeared.
Another thing is state and municipal organizations. The legislator is very active in adjusting the accounting policies of budgetary structures, especially in the main regulatory legal act regulating accounting in budgetary structures - order No. 157n.
Read more about the structure of the budget accounting account in the article .
Where can I download the chart of accounts?
You can download the current chart of accounts for commercial organizations on our website.
This document fully complies with the provisions of Order No. 94n.
Results
In the Russian Federation, various charts of accounts are used for budgetary, autonomous, government institutions, credit and non-credit financial organizations, and commercial organizations. For commercial organizations, the chart of accounts was approved by order of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated October 31, 2000 No. 94n. Small enterprises can use a simplified chart of accounts recommended by the Ministry of Finance in order No. 64n dated December 21, 1998. Each organization must develop a working chart of accounts independently and approve it in its accounting policies.
See what accounting accounts organizations use in 2017, what is the difference between active, passive and active-passive accounts, how to determine the account balance at the end of the reporting period. For your convenience, we have compiled a table of accounting accounts for 2017.
Types of accounting accounts in 2017
In 2017, the chart of accounts is in force, approved. by order of the Ministry of Finance dated October 31, 2000 No. 94n. Instructions for use were approved by the same order.
All accounts in the chart of accounts are divided into 3 types:
- Active
- Passive
- Active-passive
The difference lies in where the addition of assets is reflected, and where the loss is reflected - in the debit or credit of the account.
Active ones are reflected in the assets of the balance sheet, passive ones form its passive part. Below we have compiled a table of accounting accounts in 2017 by their types.
Active accounting accounts
Active accounting accounts contain information about the organization's assets, i.e. about the property that the company has at its disposal. For example, fixed assets, intangible assets, cash, etc.
These accounts form an asset on the balance sheet.
The balance of active accounts is formed according to the following formula:
Important! Active accounts can only have a debit balance. If you end up with a debit balance, look for an accounting error.
See the table below for active accounting accounts in 2017.
Table. Active accounting accounts in 2017
Passive Accounting Accounts
Passive accounting accounts contain information about the sources of financing for the company's activities. For example, information about the company’s loans and borrowings, information about settlements with personnel, etc.
The balance of passive accounts is reflected in the liability side of the organization’s balance sheet and is formed according to the following formula:
Important! The balance of passive accounts can only be in credit. If you get a credit balance, look for an accounting error.
Look below at the passive accounting accounts in 2017 in the table.
Table. Passive accounting accounts in 2017
Active-passive accounts in 2017
Active-passive accounts contain information simultaneously about the organization’s property and the sources of its formation. They come in 2 types:
- An account has only one balance at the end of the period (either debit or credit). For example, account 99 “Profits and losses”;
- The account at the end of the period has both a debit and a credit balance. For example, 76 "Settlements with other debtors and creditors."
The principle of determining the balance on active-passive accounts is the same as for simply active or passive accounts, which we indicated above.
In this case, an entry in the debit of the account means either an increase in funds or a decrease in the source of financing, and in a credit - either an increase in the source or a decrease in funds.
Attention! When maintaining an active-passive account, it is important to correctly build account analytics in order to avoid confusion when reflecting transactions on the debit and credit of the account.
Look below at the active-passive accounting accounts in 2017 in the table.
Table. Active-passive accounting accounts in 2017
Account 77 “Deferred tax liabilities”
Account 77 “Deferred tax liabilities” is intended to summarize information on the presence and movement of deferred tax liabilities.
Deferred tax liabilities are accepted for accounting in the amount determined as the product of taxable temporary differences that arose in the reporting period by the income tax rate in effect on the reporting date.
In the credit of account 77 “Deferred tax liabilities”, deferred tax is reflected in correspondence with the debit of the account, which reduces the amount of conditional expense (income) of the reporting period.
The debit of account 77 “Deferred tax liabilities” in correspondence with the credit of account 68 “Calculations for taxes and fees” reflects the decrease or full repayment of deferred tax liabilities against accruals of income tax for the reporting period.
The deferred tax liability upon disposal of an asset or type of liability for which it was accrued is written off from the debit of account 77 “Deferred tax liabilities” to the credit of account 99 “Profits and losses”.
Analytical accounting of deferred tax liabilities is carried out by type of assets or liabilities in the valuation of which a taxable temporary difference arose.
Account 77 of the accounting entry “Deferred tax liabilities” corresponds with the accounts:
- Calculations for allocated property
- Calculations for current transactions
- Settlements under a property trust management agreement
Check
Account 79 “Intra-balance sheet settlements” is intended to summarize information on all types of settlements with branches, representative offices, divisions and other separate divisions of the organization, allocated to separate balance sheets (intra-balance sheet settlements), in particular, settlements for allocated property, for mutual release of material assets, for sale of products, works, services, transfer of expenses for general management activities, remuneration of department employees, etc.
Sub-accounts can be opened to account 79 “Intra-business settlements”:
- 79-1 “Calculations for allocated property”,
- 79-2 “Calculations for current operations”,
- 79-3 “Settlements under a property trust management agreement”, etc.
Subaccount 79-1 “Settlements for allocated property” takes into account the status of settlements with branches, representative offices, departments and other separate divisions of the organization, allocated to separate balance sheets, for non-current and current assets transferred to them.
The property allocated to the indicated divisions is written off by the organization from account 01 “Fixed assets”, etc. to the debit of account 79 “Intra-business settlements”.
The property allocated by the organization to the specified divisions is registered by these divisions from the credit of account 79 “Intra-business settlements” to the debit of account 01 “Fixed assets”, etc.
Subaccount 79-2 “Settlements for current operations” takes into account the status of all other settlements of the organization with branches, representative offices, departments and other separate divisions allocated to separate balance sheets.
Subaccount 79-3 “Settlements under property trust management agreements” takes into account the status of settlements related to the execution of property trust management agreements. This sub-account is used to account for settlements with the management founder, trustee, as well as settlements for property transferred to trust management, which is accounted for on a separate balance sheet.
The property transferred to trust management is written off by the founder of the management from accounts 01 “Fixed Assets”, 04 “Intangible Assets”, 58 “Financial Investments”, etc. to the debit of account 79 “Intra-business settlements” (at the same time, a debit entry is made for the amount of accrued depreciation accounts, and credit account 79 “Intra-economic settlements”). The property accepted by the trustee on a separate balance sheet is reflected in the debit of accounts 01 “Fixed assets”, 04 “Intangible assets”, 58 “Financial investments”, etc. and the credit of account 79 “Intra-business settlements” (at the same time, an entry is made for the amount of accrued depreciation on the credit of the accounts 02 “Depreciation of fixed assets”, 05 “Depreciation of intangible assets” and credit account 79 “Intra-business settlements”).
When the property trust management agreement is terminated and the property is returned to the management founder, reverse entries are made. If the property trust management agreement provides for other operations with the property transferred to trust management, then accounting for these operations is carried out in accordance with the general procedure.
The transfer of funds on account of the profit (income) due to the founder of the management in a separate balance sheet is reflected in the credit of cash accounting accounts and the debit of account 79 “On-farm settlements”. The funds received by the founder of the management on account of this profit (income) are credited to the debit of cash accounts in correspondence with account 79 “On-farm settlements”.
The amount of compensation due from the trust manager for losses caused by loss or damage to property transferred to trust management, as well as lost profits, is reflected in the debit of the account in correspondence with the credit of account 91 “Other income and expenses”. When the founder receives control of these funds, cash accounting accounts are debited and account 76 “Settlements with various debtors and creditors” is credited.
Analytical accounting for account 79 “Intra-business settlements” is carried out for each branch, representative office, division or other separate division of the organization, allocated to a separate balance sheet, and settlements under agreements for trust management of property - for each agreement.
Account 79 of the accounting entry “Intra-business settlements” corresponds with the accounts:
| By debit | By loan |
|---|---|
01 "Fixed assets" 02 “Depreciation of fixed assets” 04 "Intangible assets" 05 “Amortization of intangible assets” 07 “Equipment for installation” 10 "Materials" 20 "Main production" 41 "Products" 43 “Finished products” 44 “Sales expenses” 45 “Goods shipped” 50 "Cashier" 51 “Current accounts” 52 “Currency accounts” 76 “Settlements with various debtors and creditors” 90 "Sales" 91 “Other income and expenses” 97 “Deferred expenses” 99 "Profits and losses" | 01 "Fixed assets" 02 “Depreciation of fixed assets” 04 "Intangible assets" 05 “Amortization of intangible assets” 07 “Equipment for installation” 08 “Investments in non-current assets” 10 "Materials" 11 “Animals in cultivation and fattening” 15 “Procurement and acquisition of material assets” 16 “Cost deviation 20 "Main production" 21 “Semi-finished products of own production” 23 “Auxiliary production” 25 “General production expenses” 26 “General business expenses” 29 “Service industries and farms” 40 “Release of products (works, services)” 41 "Products" 43 “Finished products” 44 “Sales expenses” 45 “Goods shipped” 50 "Cashier" 51 “Current accounts” 52 “Currency accounts” 55 “Special bank accounts” 57 “Translations on the way” 60 “Settlements with suppliers and contractors” 62 “Settlements with buyers and customers” 70 “Settlements with personnel for wages” 71 “Settlements with accountable persons” 76 “Settlements with various debtors and creditors” 84 “Retained earnings (uncovered loss)” 90 "Sales" 91 “Other income and expenses” 97 “Deferred expenses” 99 "Profits and losses" |
Section VII. Capital
The accounts of this section are intended to summarize information about the state and movement of capital of the organization.
Account 80 “Authorized capital”
Account 80 “Authorized capital” is intended to summarize information about the state and movement of the authorized capital (share capital, authorized capital) of the organization.
The balance in account 80 “Authorized capital” must correspond to the amount of the authorized capital recorded in the constituent documents of the organization. Entries in account 80 “Authorized capital” are made when forming the authorized capital, as well as in cases of increasing and decreasing capital, only after making appropriate changes to the constituent documents of the organization.
After the state registration of an organization, its authorized capital in the amount of contributions of the founders (participants) provided for by the constituent documents is reflected in the credit of account 80 “Authorized capital” in correspondence with account 75 “Settlements with founders”. The actual receipt of deposits of the founders is carried out on the credit of account 75 “Settlements with founders” in correspondence with the accounts for accounting for cash and other valuables.
Analytical accounting for account 80 “Authorized capital” is organized in such a way as to ensure the formation of information on the founders of the organization, stages of capital formation and types of shares.
Account 80 is also used to summarize information about the status and movement of contributions to common property under a simple partnership agreement. In this case, account 80 is called “Comrades’ Deposits”.
The property contributed by partners to a simple partnership on account of their contributions is accounted for in the debit of property accounting accounts (51 “Current accounts”, 01 “Fixed assets”, 41 “Goods”, etc.) and the credit of account 80 “Deposits of partners”. When property is returned to partners upon termination of a simple partnership agreement, reverse entries are made in accounting.
Analytical accounting for account 80 “Deposits of partners” is maintained for each simple partnership agreement and each participant in the agreement.
Account 80 of the accounting entry “Authorized capital” corresponds with accounts:
| By debit | By loan |
|---|---|
01 "Fixed assets" 04 "Intangible assets" 07 “Equipment for installation” 08 “Investments in non-current assets” 10 "Materials" 11 “Animals in cultivation and fattening” 15 “Procurement and acquisition of material assets” 16 “Deviation in the cost of material assets” 20 "Main production" 21 “Semi-finished products of own production” 23 “Auxiliary production” 29 “Service industries and farms” 41 "Products" 43 “Finished products” 50 "Cashier" 51 “Current accounts” 52 “Currency accounts” 55 “Special bank accounts” 58 “Financial investments” 75 “Settlements with founders” 81 “Own shares (shares)” 84 “Retained earnings (uncovered loss)” | 01 "Fixed assets" 03 “Profitable investments in material assets” 04 "Intangible assets" 07 “Equipment for installation” 08 “Investments in non-current assets” 10 "Materials" 11 “Animals in cultivation and fattening” 15 “Procurement and acquisition of material assets” 16 “Deviation in the cost of material assets” 20 "Main production" 21 “Semi-finished products of own production” 23 “Auxiliary production” 29 “Service industries and farms” 41 "Products" 43 “Finished products” 50 "Cashier" 51 “Current accounts” 52 “Currency accounts” 55 “Special bank accounts” 58 “Financial investments” 75 “Settlements with founders” 83 “Additional capital” 84 “Retained earnings (uncovered loss)” |
Account 81 “Own shares (shares)”
Account 81 “Own shares (shares)” is intended to summarize information on the availability and movement of own shares purchased by the joint-stock company from shareholders for their subsequent resale or cancellation. Other business companies and partnerships use this account to account for the share of a participant acquired by the company or partnership itself for transfer to other participants or third parties.
When a joint-stock or other company (partnership) buys from a shareholder (participant) shares (shares) belonging to him, an entry is made in the accounting records for the amount of actual costs in the debit of account 81 “Own shares (shares)” and the credit of cash accounting accounts.
Cancellation of own shares purchased by a joint-stock company is carried out on the credit of account 81 “Own shares (shares)” and the debit of account 80 “Authorized capital” after this company has completed all the prescribed procedures. The difference arising in account 81 “Own shares (shares)” between the actual costs of repurchasing shares (shares) and their nominal value is charged to account 91 “Other income and expenses”.
Account 81 accounting entry “Own shares (shares)” corresponds with accounts:
Account 82 “Reserve capital”
Account 82 “Reserve capital” is intended to summarize information about the state and movement of reserve capital.
Deductions to reserve capital from profits are reflected in the credit of account 82 “Reserve capital” in correspondence with account 84 “Retained earnings (uncovered loss)”.
The use of reserve capital funds is accounted for as a debit to account 82 “Reserve capital” in correspondence with the accounts:
- 84 “Retained earnings (uncovered loss)” - in terms of the amounts of the reserve fund allocated to cover the organization’s loss for the reporting year;
- or - in part of the amounts allocated to repay the bonds of the joint-stock company.
Account 82 accounting entry “Reserve capital” corresponds with accounts:
Account 83 “Additional capital”
Account 83 “Additional capital” is intended to summarize information about the organization’s additional capital.
The credit of account 83 “Additional capital” reflects:
- the increase in the value of non-current assets, revealed by the results of their revaluation, - in correspondence with the asset accounts for which the increase in value was determined;
- the amount of the difference between the sale and par value of shares, received in the process of forming the authorized capital of a joint-stock company (during the establishment of the company, with a subsequent increase in the authorized capital) through the sale of shares at a price exceeding the par value - in correspondence with account 75 “Settlements with founders” .
Amounts credited to account 83 “Additional capital” are, as a rule, not written off. Debit entries on it can only take place in the following cases:
- repayment of amounts of decrease in the value of non-current assets revealed as a result of its revaluation - in correspondence with the asset accounts for which the decrease in value was determined;
- directing funds to increase the authorized capital - in correspondence with account 75 “Settlements with founders” or account 80 “Authorized capital”;
- distribution of amounts between the founders of the organization - in correspondence with account 75 “Settlements with founders”, etc.
Analytical accounting for account 83 “Additional capital” is organized in such a way as to ensure the formation of information on sources of education and areas of use of funds.
Account 83 accounting entry “Additional capital” corresponds with accounts:
Account 84 “Retained earnings (uncovered loss)”
Account 84 “Retained earnings (uncovered loss)” is intended to summarize information about the presence and movement of amounts of retained earnings or uncovered losses of the organization.
The amount of net profit of the reporting year is written off with the final turnover of December to the credit of account 84 “Retained earnings (uncovered loss)” in correspondence with account 99 “Profits and losses”. The amount of the net loss of the reporting year is written off with the final turnover of December to the debit of account 84 “Retained earnings (uncovered loss)” in correspondence with account 99 “Profits and losses”.
The direction of part of the profit of the reporting year to pay income to the founders (participants) of the organization based on the results of approval of the annual financial statements is reflected in the debit of account 84 “Retained earnings (uncovered loss)” and the credit of accounts 75 “Settlements with founders” and 70 “Settlements with personnel for wages” " A similar entry is made when paying interim income.
The write-off of a loss for the reporting year from the balance sheet is reflected in the credit of account 84 “Retained earnings (uncovered loss)” in correspondence with the accounts:
- 80 “Authorized capital” - when bringing the amount of the authorized capital to the value of the organization’s net assets;
- 82 “Reserve capital” - when funds from reserve capital are used to pay off losses;
- 75 “Settlements with founders” - when repaying the loss of a simple partnership at the expense of targeted contributions of its participants, etc.
Analytical accounting for account 84 “Retained earnings (uncovered loss)” is organized in such a way as to ensure the generation of information on the areas of use of funds. At the same time, in analytical accounting, funds of retained earnings used as financial support for the production development of the organization and other similar activities for the acquisition (creation) of new property and not yet used can be divided.
84 accounting account entry “Retained earnings (uncovered loss)” corresponds with accounts:
Account 86 “Targeted financing”
Account 86 “Targeted financing” is intended to summarize information on the movement of funds intended for the implementation of targeted activities, funds received from other organizations and individuals, budget funds, etc.
Targeted funds received as sources of financing for certain activities are reflected in the credit of account 86 “Targeted financing” in correspondence with account 76 “Settlements with various debtors and creditors.”
The use of targeted financing is reflected in the debit of account 86 “Targeted financing” in correspondence with accounts: 20 “Main production” or 26 “General expenses” - when directing funds from targeted financing for the maintenance of a non-profit organization; 83 “Additional capital” - when using targeted financing received in the form of investment funds; 98 “Future income” - when a commercial organization sends budget funds to finance expenses, etc.
Analytical accounting for account 86 “Targeted financing” is carried out according to the purpose of the targeted funds and in the context of their sources of receipt.
Account 86 of the accounting entry “Targeted financing” corresponds with accounts:
Section VIII. Financial results
The accounts of this section are intended to summarize information about the organization’s income and expenses, as well as to identify the final financial result of the organization’s activities for the reporting period.
- Revenue
- Cost of sales
- Value added tax
- Excise taxes
- Profit/loss from sales
Account 90 “Sales”
Account 90 “Sales” is intended to summarize information on income and expenses associated with the organization’s normal activities, as well as to determine the financial result for them. This account reflects, in particular, revenue and costs for:
- finished products and semi-finished products of own production;
- industrial works and services;
- non-industrial works and services;
- purchased products (purchased for completion);
- construction, installation, design and survey, geological exploration, research, etc. work;
- goods;
- services for the transportation of goods and passengers;
- transport-forwarding and loading-unloading operations;
- communication services;
- providing for a fee for temporary use (temporary possession and use) of its assets under a lease agreement (when this is the subject of the organization’s activities);
- provision for a fee of rights arising from patents for inventions, industrial designs and other types of intellectual property (when this is the subject of the organization’s activities);
- participation in the authorized capital of other organizations (when this is the subject of the organization’s activities), etc.
When recognized in accounting, the amount of revenue from the sale of goods, products, performance of work, provision of services, etc. is reflected in the credit of account 90 “Sales” and the debit of account 62 “Settlements with buyers and customers.” At the same time, the cost of goods sold, products, works, services, etc. is written off from the credit of accounts 43 “Finished products”, 41 “Goods”, 44 “Sales expenses”, 20 “Main production”, etc. to the debit of account 90 “Sales” .
In organizations engaged in the production of agricultural products, the credit of account 90 “Sales” reflects the proceeds from the sale of products (in correspondence with account 62 “Settlements with buyers and customers”), and the debit shows its planned cost (during the year when the actual cost not identified) and the difference between the planned and actual cost of products sold (at the end of the year). The planned cost of products sold, as well as the amount of differences, are debited to account 90 “Sales” (or reversed) in correspondence with the accounts in which these products were recorded.
In organizations engaged in retail trade and keeping records of goods at sales prices, the credit of account 90 “Sales” reflects the selling value of goods sold (in correspondence with the cash and settlement accounts), and the debit - their accounting value (in correspondence with the account 41 “Goods”) with the simultaneous reversal of the amounts of discounts (markups) related to the goods sold (in correspondence with account 42 “Trade margin”).
Sub-accounts can be opened for account 90 “Sales”:
- 90-1 “Revenue”;
- 90-2 “Cost of sales”;
- 90-3 “Value added tax”;
- 90-4 “Excise duties”;
- 90-9 “Profit / loss from sales.”
Subaccount 90-1 “Revenue” takes into account receipts of assets recognized as revenue.
Subaccount 90-2 “Cost of sales” takes into account the cost of sales, for which revenue is recognized in subaccount 90-1 “Revenue”.
Subaccount 90-3 “Value added tax” takes into account the amount of value added tax due from the buyer (customer).
Subaccount 90-4 “Excise taxes” takes into account the amounts of excise taxes included in the price of products (goods) sold.
Organizations that pay export duties can open a subaccount 90-5 “Export duties” to account 90 “Sales” to record the amounts of export duties.
Subaccount 90-9 “Profit / loss from sales” is intended to identify the financial result (profit or loss) from sales for the reporting month.
Entries in subaccounts 90-1 “Revenue”, 90-2 “Cost of sales”, 90-3 “Value added tax”, 90-4 “Excise taxes” are made cumulatively during the reporting year. By monthly comparison of the total debit turnover in subaccounts 90-2 “Cost of sales”, 90-3 “Value added tax”, 90-4 “Excise taxes” and credit turnover in subaccount 90-1 “Revenue”, the financial result (profit or loss) is determined. from sales for the reporting month. This financial result is written off monthly (with final turnover) from subaccount 90-9 “Profit / loss from sales” to account 99 “Profits and losses”. Thus, synthetic account 90 “Sales” does not have a balance at the reporting date.
At the end of the reporting year, all subaccounts opened to account 90 “Sales” (except for subaccount 90-9 “Profit / loss from sales”) are closed with internal entries to subaccount 90-9 “Profit / loss from sales”.
Analytical accounting for account 90 “Sales” is maintained for each type of goods sold, products, work performed, services provided, etc. In addition, analytical accounting for this account can be maintained by sales regions and other areas necessary for managing the organization.
Account 90 accounting entry “Sales” corresponds with accounts:
| By debit | By loan |
|---|---|
11 “Animals in cultivation and fattening” 20 "Main production" 21 “Semi-finished products of own production” 23 “Auxiliary production” 26 “General business expenses” 29 “Service industries and farms” 40 “Release of products (works, services)” 41 "Products" 42 “Trade margin” 43 “Finished products” 44 “Sales expenses” 45 “Goods shipped” 58 “Financial investments” 68 “Calculations for taxes and fees” 79 “Intra-economic settlements” 99 "Profits and losses" | 46 “Completed stages of unfinished work” 50 "Cashier" 51 “Current accounts” 52 “Currency accounts” 57 “Translations on the way” 62 “Settlements with buyers and customers” 76 “Settlements with various debtors and creditors” 79 “Intra-economic settlements” 98 “Deferred income” 99 "Profits and losses" |
- Other income
- other expenses
- Balance of other income and expenses
Account 91 “Other income and expenses”
Account 91 “Other income and expenses” is intended to summarize information on other income and expenses of the reporting period.
In the credit of account 91 “Other income and expenses” during the reporting period the following is reflected:
- receipts associated with the provision for a fee for temporary use (temporary possession and use) of the organization’s assets - in correspondence with the accounts of settlements or cash;
- receipts related to the provision for a fee of rights arising from patents for inventions, industrial designs and other types of intellectual property - in correspondence with accounts for accounting settlements or cash;
- receipts related to participation in the authorized capitals of other organizations, as well as interest and other income on securities - in correspondence with settlement accounts;
- profit received by the organization under a simple partnership agreement - in correspondence with account 76 “Settlements with various debtors and creditors” (sub-account “Settlements for due dividends and other income”);
- receipts related to the sale and other write-off of fixed assets and other assets other than cash in Russian currency, products, goods - in correspondence with the accounts of settlements or cash;
- receipts from operations with containers - in correspondence with container accounting and settlement accounts;
- interest received (receivable) for the provision of an organization's funds for use, as well as interest for the use by a credit organization of funds held in the organization's account with this credit organization - in correspondence with the accounts of financial investments or funds;
- fines, penalties, penalties for violation of the terms of contracts, received or recognized for receipt - in correspondence with the accounts of settlements or funds;
- receipts related to the gratuitous receipt of assets - in correspondence with the accounting account for deferred income;
- receipts for compensation of losses caused to the organization - in correspondence with settlement accounts;
- profit of previous years identified in the reporting year - in correspondence with the accounts of settlements;
- amounts of accounts payable for which the statute of limitations has expired - in correspondence with accounts payable accounts;
- Other income.
The debit of account 91 “Other income and expenses” during the reporting period reflects:
- expenses associated with the provision for a fee for temporary use (temporary possession and use) of an organization's assets, rights arising from patents for inventions, industrial designs and other types of intellectual property, as well as expenses associated with participation in the authorized capital of other organizations - in correspondence with cost accounts;
- the residual value of assets for which depreciation is calculated and the actual cost of other assets written off by the organization - in correspondence with the accounts of the relevant assets;
- expenses associated with the sale, disposal and other write-off of fixed assets and other assets other than cash in Russian currency, goods, products - in correspondence with cost accounts;
- expenses for operations with containers - in correspondence with cost accounts;
- interest paid by an organization for providing it with funds (credits, borrowings) for use - in correspondence with the accounts of settlements or funds;
- expenses associated with payment for services provided by credit institutions - in correspondence with settlement accounts;
- fines, penalties, penalties for violation of the terms of agreements, paid or recognized for payment, - in correspondence with the accounts of settlements or funds;
- expenses for maintaining production facilities and mothballed facilities - in correspondence with cost accounts;
- compensation for losses caused by the organization - in correspondence with settlement accounts;
- losses of previous years recognized in the reporting year - in correspondence with the accounts of settlements, depreciation, etc.;
- deductions to reserves for the depreciation of investments in securities, for a decrease in the value of material assets, for doubtful debts - in correspondence with the accounts of these reserves;
- amounts of receivables for which the statute of limitations has expired, other debts that are unrealistic for collection - in correspondence with accounts receivable;
- exchange rate differences - in correspondence with accounts for cash, financial investments, settlements, etc.;
- expenses associated with the consideration of cases in courts - in correspondence with accounts of settlements, etc.;
- other expenses.
Sub-accounts can be opened to account 91 “Other income and expenses”:
- 91-1 “Other income”;
- 91-2 “Other expenses”;
- 91-9 “Balance of other income and expenses.”
Subaccount 91-1 “Other income” takes into account receipts of assets recognized as other income.
Subaccount 91-2 “Other expenses” takes into account other expenses.
Subaccount 91-9 “Balance of other income and expenses” is intended to identify the balance of other income and expenses for the reporting month.
Entries in subaccounts 91-1 “Other income” and 91-2 “Other expenses” are made cumulatively during the reporting year. By monthly comparison of debit turnover in subaccount 91-2 “Other expenses” and credit turnover in subaccount 91-1 “Other income”, the balance of other income and expenses for the reporting month is determined. This balance is written off monthly (with final turnover) from subaccount 91-9 “Balance of other income and expenses” to account 99 “Profits and losses”. Thus, synthetic account 91 “Other income and expenses” does not have a balance as of the reporting date.
At the end of the reporting year, all subaccounts opened to account 91 “Other income and expenses” (except for subaccount 91-9 “Balance of other income and expenses”) are closed with internal entries to subaccount 91-9 “Balance of other income and expenses”.
Analytical accounting for account 91 “Other income and expenses” is carried out for each type of other income and expenses. At the same time, the construction of analytical accounting for other income and expenses related to the same financial and business transaction should provide the ability to identify the financial result for each operation.
Account 91 accounting entry “Other income and expenses” corresponds with accounts:
| By debit | By loan |
|---|---|
01 "Fixed assets" 02 “Depreciation of fixed assets” 03 “Profitable investments in material assets” 04 "Intangible assets" 07 “Equipment for installation” 08 “Investments in non-current assets” 10 "Materials" 11 “Animals in cultivation and fattening” 15 “Procurement and acquisition of material assets” 16 “Deviation in the cost of material assets” 20 "Main production" 21 “Semi-finished products of own production” 23 “Auxiliary production” 28 "Defects in production" 29 “Service industries and farms” 58 “Financial investments” 60 “Settlements with suppliers and contractors” 66 “Settlements for short-term loans and borrowings” 67 “Calculations for long-term loans and borrowings” 68 “Calculations with the budget” 70 “Settlements with personnel for wages” 71 “Settlements with accountable persons” 73 “Settlements with personnel for other operations” 76 “Settlements with various debtors and creditors” 79 “Intra-economic settlements” 81 “Own shares (shares)” 98 “Deferred income” 99 "Profits and losses" | 07 “Equipment for installation” 08 “Investments in non-current assets” 10 "Materials" 11 “Animals in cultivation and fattening” 14 “Reserves for reduction in the value of material assets” 15 “Procurement and acquisition of material assets” 20 "Main production" 21 “Semi-finished products of own production” 23 “Auxiliary production” 28 "Defects in production" 29 “Service industries and farms” 41 "Products" 43 “Finished products” 45 “Goods shipped” 50 "Cashier" 51 “Current accounts” 52 “Currency accounts” 55 “Special bank accounts” 57 “Translations on the way” 58 “Financial investments” 59 “Provisions for impairment of investments in securities” 60 “Settlements with suppliers and contractors” 62 “Settlements with buyers and customers” 63 “Provisions for doubtful debts” 66 “Settlements for short-term loans and borrowings” 67 “Calculations for long-term loans and borrowings” 71 “Settlements with accountable persons” 73 “Settlements with personnel for other operations” 75 “Settlements with founders” 76 “Settlements with various debtors and creditors” 79 “Intra-economic settlements” 81 “Own shares (shares)” 98 “Deferred income” 99 "Profits and losses" |
Account 94 “Shortages and losses from damage to valuables”
Account 94 “Shortages and losses from damage to valuables” is intended to summarize information on the amounts of shortages and losses from damage to material and other assets (including money) identified in the process of their procurement, storage and sale, regardless of whether they are subject to inclusion in accounts accounting for production costs (selling costs) or those responsible. In this case, losses of valuables resulting from natural disasters are charged to account 99 “Profits and losses” as losses of the reporting year (uncompensated losses from natural disasters).
On the debit of account 94 “Shortages and losses from damage to valuables” the following are given:
- for missing or completely damaged inventory items - their actual cost;
- for missing or completely damaged fixed assets - their residual value (original cost minus the amount of accrued depreciation);
- for partially damaged material assets - the amount of determined losses, etc.
For shortages and damage to valuables, entries are made in the debit of account 94 “Shortages and losses from damage to valuables” from the credit of the accounts accounting for these valuables.
When the buyer, upon acceptance of valuables received from suppliers, identifies a shortage or damage, then the amount of the shortage within the limits stipulated in the contract, the buyer assigns when posting the valuables to the debit of account 94 “Shortages and losses from damage to valuables” from the credit of account 60 “Settlements with suppliers and contractors", and the amount of losses in excess of the amounts stipulated in the contract, presented to suppliers or a transport organization - to the debit of account 76 "Settlements with various debtors and creditors" (sub-account "Settlements for claims") from the credit of account 60 "Settlements with suppliers and contractors" . If the court refuses to collect losses from suppliers or transport organizations, the amount previously debited to account 76 “Settlements with various debtors and creditors” (sub-account “Settlements for claims”) is written off to account 94 “Shortages and losses from damage to valuables.”
When the court makes a decision to recover from the supplier amounts of shortages and losses of valuables in excess of the amounts stipulated in the contract in the supplier’s accounting, the amount of the sale previously reflected in the debit of accounts 62 “Settlements with buyers and customers” or 51 “Settlement accounts”, 52 “Currency accounts” and credit to account 90 “Sales”, is reversed for the amount of shortages and losses collected by the buyer. At the same time, the specified amount is reflected by a regular entry in the debit of accounts 62 “Settlements with buyers and customers” or 51 “Settlements accounts”, 52 “Currency accounts” and the credit of account 76 “Settlements with various debtors and creditors”. When transferring amounts to the buyer, account 76 “Settlements with various debtors and creditors” is debited in correspondence with account 51 “Settlement accounts”. The supplier must also reverse the turnover on the debit of account 90 “Sales” and the credit of account 43 “Finished products”. The amount restored in this way on account 43 “Finished products” is then written off to the debit of account 94 “Shortages and losses from damage to valuables.”
In the credit of account 94 “Shortages and losses from damage to valuables” the write-off is reflected:
- shortages and damage to valuables within the limits stipulated in the contract - to the accounts of material assets (when they are identified during procurement) or within the limits of natural loss rates - production costs and sales costs (when they are identified during storage or sale);
- shortage of valuables in excess of the values (norms) of loss, losses from damage - to the debit of account 73 “Settlements with personnel for other operations” (sub-account “Settlements for compensation of material damage”);
- shortages of valuables in excess of the values (norms) of loss and losses from damage to valuables in the absence of specific culprits, as well as shortages of inventory items, the recovery of which was refused by the court due to the unfoundedness of the claims - to account 91 “Other income and expenses”.
In the credit of account 94 “Shortages and losses from damage to valuables” amounts are reflected in the amounts and values accepted for accounting as the debit of the specified account. At the same time, missing or damaged material assets are written off to the production cost (sales cost) accounts at their actual cost.
When recovering from the guilty persons the cost of missing valuables, the difference between the cost of missing valuables credited to account 73 “Settlements with personnel for other operations” and their value reflected on account 94 “Shortages and losses from damage to valuables” is credited to account 98 “ Revenue of the future periods". As the amount due is collected from the guilty person, the specified difference is written off from account 98 “Deferred income” in correspondence with account 91 “Other income and expenses”.
Shortages of valuables identified in the reporting year, but relating to previous reporting periods, recognized by financially responsible persons or for which there are court decisions to recover from the guilty parties, are reflected in the debit of account 94 “Shortages and losses from damage to valuables” and the credit of account 98 “Income future periods." At the same time, account 73 “Settlements with personnel for other operations” (sub-account “Settlements for compensation of material damage”) is debited with these amounts and account 94 “Shortages and losses from damage to valuables” is credited. As the debt is repaid, account 91 “Other income and expenses” is credited and account 98 “Deferred income” is debited.
Account 94 of the accounting entry “Shortages and losses from damage to valuables” corresponds with the accounts:
| By debit | By loan |
|---|---|
01 "Fixed assets" 03 "Profitable investments 07 “Equipment for installation” 08 “Investments in non-current assets” 10 "Materials" 11 “Animals in cultivation and fattening” 16 “Deviation in the cost of material assets” 19 “Value added tax on acquired assets” 20 "Main production" 21 “Semi-finished products of own production” 23 “Auxiliary production” 29 “Service industries and farms” 41 "Products" 42 “Trade margin” 43 “Finished products” 44 “Sales expenses” 45 “Goods shipped” 50 "Cashier" 60 “Settlements with suppliers and contractors” 71 “Settlements with accountable persons” 73 “Settlements with personnel for other operations” 76 “Settlements with various debtors and creditors” 98 “Deferred income” 99 "Profits and losses" | 08 “Investments in non-current assets” 20 "Main production" 23 “Auxiliary production” 25 “General production expenses” 26 “General business expenses” 29 “Service industries and farms” 44 “Sales expenses” 70 “Settlements with personnel for wages” 73 “Settlements with personnel for other operations” 86 “Targeted financing” 91 “Other income and expenses” 99 "Profits and losses" |
Account 96 “Reserves for future expenses”
Account 96 “Reserves for future expenses” is intended to summarize information about the status and movement of amounts reserved for the purpose of uniform inclusion of expenses in production costs and sales expenses. In particular, this account may reflect the following amounts:
- upcoming payment of vacations (including payments for social insurance and security) to employees of the organization;
- for the payment of annual remuneration for long service;
- production costs for preparatory work due to the seasonal nature of production;
- for repairs of fixed assets;
- upcoming costs for land reclamation and implementation of other environmental measures;
- for warranty repairs and warranty service.
Reservations of certain amounts are reflected in the credit of account 96 “Reserves for future expenses” in correspondence with the accounts for accounting for production costs and sales expenses.
Actual expenses for which a reserve was previously created are debited to account 96 “Reserves for future expenses” in correspondence, in particular, with accounts: 70 “Settlements with personnel for wages” - for the amount of wages to employees during vacation and annual remuneration for length of service; 23 “Auxiliary production” - for the cost of repairs of fixed assets carried out by a division of the organization, etc.
The correctness of the formation and use of amounts for a particular reserve is periodically (and necessarily at the end of the year) checked according to estimates, calculations, etc. and adjusted if necessary.
Analytical accounting for account 96 “Reserves for future expenses” is carried out according to separate reserves.
Account 96 of the accounting entry “Reserves for future expenses” corresponds with accounts:
| By debit | By loan |
|---|---|
23 “Auxiliary production” 28 "Defects in production" 29 “Service industries and farms” 51 “Current accounts” 52 “Currency accounts” 69 “Calculations for social insurance and security” 70 “Settlements with personnel for wages” 76 “Settlements with various debtors and creditors” 91 “Other income and expenses” 97 “Deferred expenses” 99 "Profits and losses" | 08 “Investments in non-current assets” 20 "Main production" 23 “Auxiliary production” 25 “General production expenses” 26 “General business expenses” 29 “Service industries and farms” 44 “Sales expenses” 97 “Deferred expenses” |
Account 97 “Deferred expenses”
Account 97 “Future expenses” is intended to summarize information about expenses incurred in a given reporting period, but relating to future reporting periods. In particular, this account may reflect expenses associated with mining and preparatory work; preparatory work for production due to its seasonal nature; development of new production facilities, installations and units; land reclamation and implementation of other environmental measures; repairs of fixed assets carried out unevenly throughout the year (when the organization does not create an appropriate reserve or fund), etc.
Expenses recorded in account 97 “Future expenses” are written off to the debit of accounts 20 “Main production”, 23 “Auxiliary production”, 25 “General production expenses”, 26 “General business expenses”, 44 “Sales expenses”, etc.
Analytical accounting for account 97 “Deferred expenses” is carried out by type of expense.
Account 97 accounting entry “Deferred expenses” corresponds with accounts:
| By debit | By loan |
|---|---|
02 “Depreciation of fixed assets” 04 "Intangible assets" 05 “Amortization of intangible assets” 10 "Materials" 16 “Deviation in the cost of material assets” 23 “Auxiliary production” 25 “General production expenses” 26 “General business expenses” 29 “Service industries and farms” 41 "Products" 43 “Finished products” 60 “Settlements with suppliers and contractors” 69 “Calculations for social insurance and security” 70 “Settlements with personnel for wages” 71 “Settlements with accountable persons” 76 “Settlements with various debtors and creditors” 79 “Intra-economic settlements” 96 “Reserves for future expenses” | 08 “Investments in non-current assets” 10 "Materials" 20 "Main production" 23 “Auxiliary production” 25 “General production expenses” 26 “General business expenses” 29 “Service industries and farms” 44 “Sales expenses” 76 “Settlements with various debtors and creditors” 79 “Intra-economic settlements” 96 “Reserves for future expenses” 99 "Profits and losses" |
- Income received for deferred periods
- Free receipts
- Upcoming debt receipts for shortfalls identified in previous years
- The difference between the amount to be recovered from the guilty parties and the book value for shortages of valuables
Account 98 “Deferred income”
Account 98 “Deferred income” is intended to summarize information on income received (accrued) in the reporting period, but relating to future reporting periods, as well as upcoming receipts of debt for shortfalls identified in the reporting period for previous years, and the differences between the amount subject to recovery from the guilty parties, and the value of the valuables accepted for accounting when shortages and damage are identified.
Sub-accounts can be opened to account 98 “Deferred income”:
- 98-1 “Income received for future periods”,
- 98-2 “Gratuitous receipts”,
- 98-3 “Upcoming debt receipts for shortfalls identified in previous years”,
- 98-4 “The difference between the amount to be recovered from the guilty parties and the book value for shortages of valuables”, etc.
Subaccount 98-1 “Income received for future periods” takes into account the movement of income received in the reporting period, but relating to future reporting periods: rent or apartment payments, utility bills, revenue for freight transportation, for passenger transportation on a monthly basis and quarterly tickets, subscription fees for the use of communication facilities, etc.
On the credit side of account 98 “Deferred income”, in correspondence with the accounts for cash or settlements with debtors and creditors, the amounts of income related to future reporting periods are reflected, and on the debit side - the amounts of income transferred to the corresponding accounts upon the onset of the reporting period to which these incomes are included.
Analytical accounting for subaccount 98-1 “Income received for future periods” is carried out for each type of income.
Subaccount 98-2 “Gratuitous receipts” takes into account the value of assets received by the organization free of charge.
The credit of account 98 “Future income” in correspondence with accounts 08 “Investments in non-current assets” and others reflects the market value of assets received free of charge, and in correspondence with account 86 “Targeted financing” - the amount of budget funds allocated by a commercial organization for financing expenses. Amounts recorded on account 98 “Deferred income” are written off from this account to the credit of account 91 “Other income and expenses”:
- for fixed assets received free of charge - as depreciation is calculated;
- for other material assets received free of charge - as production costs (sales costs) are written off to accounts.
Analytical accounting for subaccount 98-2 “Gratuitous receipts” is carried out for each gratuitous receipt of valuables.
Subaccount 98-3 “Forthcoming debt receipts for shortfalls identified in previous years” takes into account the movement of upcoming debt receipts for shortfalls identified in the reporting period for previous years.
In the credit of account 98 “Deferred income”, in correspondence with account 94 “Shortages and losses from damage to valuables”, the amounts of shortages of valuables identified in previous reporting periods (before the reporting year), found guilty of persons, or the amounts awarded for collection on them are reflected. court. At the same time, account 94 “Shortages and losses from damage to valuables” is credited with these amounts in correspondence with account 73 “Settlements with personnel for other operations” (sub-account “Settlements for compensation of material damage”).
As the debt for shortfalls is repaid, account 73 “Settlements with personnel for other operations” is credited in correspondence with the cash accounts while simultaneously reflecting the received amounts on the credit of account 91 “Other income and expenses” (profits of previous years identified in the reporting year) and debit account 98 “Deferred income”.
Subaccount 98-4 “The difference between the amount to be recovered from the guilty persons and the cost for shortages of valuables” takes into account the difference between the amount recovered from the guilty persons for missing material and other valuables and the value listed in the organization’s accounting records.
In the credit of account 98 “Deferred income” in correspondence with account 73 “Settlements with personnel for other operations” (sub-account “Calculations for compensation for material damage”) the difference between the amount to be recovered from the guilty parties and the cost of shortages of valuables is reflected. As the debt accepted for accounting under account 73 “Settlements with personnel for other operations” is repaid, the corresponding amounts of the difference are written off from account 98 “Deferred income” to the credit of account 91 “Other income and expenses”.
Account 98 accounting entry “Deferred income” corresponds with accounts:
Account 99 “Profits and losses”
Account 99 “Profits and losses” is intended to summarize information on the formation of the final financial result of the organization’s activities in the reporting year.
The final financial result (net profit or net loss) is made up of the financial result from ordinary activities, as well as other income and expenses. The debit of account 99 “Profits and Losses” reflects losses (losses, expenses), and the credit reflects the profits (income) of the organization. A comparison of debit and credit turnover for the reporting period shows the final financial result of the reporting period.
Account 99 “Profits and losses” during the reporting year reflects:
- profit or loss from ordinary activities - in correspondence with account 90 “Sales”;
- the balance of other income and expenses for the reporting month - in correspondence with account 91 “Other income and expenses”;
- the amount of accrued contingent income tax expense, permanent liabilities and payments for recalculation of this tax from actual profit, as well as the amount of tax penalties due - in correspondence with account 68 “Calculations for taxes and fees”.
At the end of the reporting year, when preparing annual financial statements, account 99 “Profits and losses” is closed. In this case, by the final entry of December, the amount of net profit (loss) of the reporting year is written off from account 99 “Profits and losses” to the credit (debit) of account 84 “Retained earnings (uncovered loss)”.
The construction of analytical accounting for account 99 “Profits and losses” should ensure the generation of data necessary for drawing up a profit and loss statement. This is what the chart of accounts 94n recommends.
Account 99 of the accounting entry “Profit and Loss” corresponds with accounts:
| By debit | By loan |
|---|---|
01 "Fixed assets" 03 “Profitable investments in material assets” 07 “Equipment for installation” 08 “Investments in non-current assets” 10 "Materials" 11 “Animals in cultivation and fattening” 16 “Deviation in the cost of material assets” 19 “Value added tax on acquired assets” 20 "Main production" 21 “Semi-finished products of own production” 23 “Auxiliary production” 25 “General production expenses” 26 “General business expenses” 28 "Defects in production" 29 “Service industries and farms” 41 "Products" 43 “Finished products” 44 “Sales expenses” 45 “Goods shipped” 50 "Cashier" 51 “Current accounts” 52 “Currency accounts” 58 “Financial investments” 68 “Calculations for taxes and fees” 69 “Calculations for social insurance and security” 70 “Settlements with personnel for wages” 71 “Settlements with accountable persons” 73 “Settlements with personnel for other operations” 76 “Settlements with various debtors and creditors” 79 “Intra-economic settlements” 84 “Retained earnings (uncovered loss)” 90 "Sales" 91 “Other income and expenses” 97 “Deferred expenses” | 10 "Materials" 50 "Cashier" 51 “Current accounts” 52 “Currency accounts” 55 “Special bank accounts” 60 “Settlements with suppliers and contractors” 73 “Settlements with personnel for other operations” 76 “Settlements with various debtors and creditors” 79 “Intra-economic settlements” 84 “Retained earnings (uncovered loss)” 90 "Sales" 91 “Other income and expenses” 94 “Shortages and losses from damage to valuables” 96 “Reserves for future expenses” |
Off-balance sheet accounts
Off-balance sheet accounts in the new chart of accounts for 2014-2015 are intended to summarize information on the availability and movement of assets temporarily in use or at the disposal of the organization (rented fixed assets, material assets in safekeeping, in processing, etc.), contingent rights and obligations, as well as to control individual business transactions. Accounting for these objects is carried out using a simple system.
Account 001 “Leased fixed assets”
Account 001 “Leased fixed assets” is intended to summarize information on the availability and movement of fixed assets leased by the organization.
Leased fixed assets are accounted for in account 001 “Leased fixed assets” in the valuation specified in the lease agreements.
Analytical accounting for account 001 “Leased fixed assets” is carried out by lessor, for each object of leased fixed assets (according to the lessor’s inventory numbers). Leased fixed assets located outside the Russian Federation are accounted for on account 001 “Leased fixed assets” separately.
Account 002 “Inventory assets accepted for safekeeping”
Account 002 “Inventory assets accepted for safekeeping” is intended to summarize information about the availability and movement of inventory assets accepted for safekeeping.
Buying organizations record on account 002 “Inventory assets accepted for safekeeping” values accepted for storage in the following cases:
- receiving inventory items from suppliers for which the organization legally refused to accept invoices of payment requests and pay them;
- receiving from suppliers unpaid inventory items that are prohibited from being spent under the terms of the contract until they are paid for;
- acceptance of inventory items for safekeeping for other reasons.
Supplier organizations record in account 002 “Inventory assets accepted for safekeeping” goods and materials paid for by buyers that are left in safe custody, issued with safekeeping receipts, but not taken out for reasons beyond the control of the organizations. Inventory assets are recorded on account 002 “Inventory assets accepted for safekeeping” at the prices specified in the acceptance certificates or in the payment request accounts.
Analytical accounting for account 002 “Inventory assets accepted for safekeeping” is carried out by owner organizations, by type, grade and storage location.
Account 003 “Materials accepted for processing”
Account 003 “Materials Accepted for Processing” is intended to summarize information on the availability and movement of raw materials and customer materials accepted for processing (raw materials supplied by customers), not paid for by the manufacturer. Accounting for the costs of processing or refining raw materials and materials is carried out on production cost accounts, reflecting the associated costs (with the exception of the cost of raw materials and materials of the customer). The customer's raw materials accepted for processing are accounted for in account 003 “Materials accepted for processing” at the prices stipulated in the contracts.
Analytical accounting for account 003 “Materials accepted for processing” is carried out by customers, types, grades of raw materials and materials and their locations.
Account 004 “Goods accepted for commission”
Account 004 “Goods accepted on commission” is intended to summarize information about the availability and movement of goods accepted on commission in accordance with the contract. This account is used by commission agencies.
Goods accepted for commission are accounted for in account 004 “Goods accepted for commission” at the prices stipulated in the acceptance certificates. Analytical accounting for account 004 “Goods accepted for commission” is carried out by type of goods and organizations (persons) - consignors.
Account 005 “Equipment accepted for installation”
Account 005 “Equipment accepted for installation” is intended to summarize information about the availability and movement of all types of equipment received by the organization from the customer for installation. This account is used by contractor organizations.
The equipment is accounted for on account 005 “Equipment accepted for installation” at the prices specified by the customer in the accompanying documents.
Analytical accounting for account 005 “Equipment accepted for installation” is carried out for individual objects or units.
Account 006 “Strict reporting forms”
Account 006 “Strict reporting forms” is intended to summarize information on the availability and movement of strict reporting forms stored and issued for reporting - receipt books, forms of certificates, diplomas, various subscriptions, coupons, tickets, forms of shipping documents, etc. .
Strict reporting forms are accounted for in account 006 “Strict reporting forms” in the conditional valuation.
Analytical accounting for account 006 “Strict reporting forms” is maintained for each type of strict reporting forms and their storage locations.
Account 007 “Debt of insolvent debtors written off at a loss”
Account 007 “Debt of insolvent debtors written off at a loss” is intended to summarize information on the status of receivables written off at a loss due to the insolvency of debtors. This debt must be kept on the balance sheet for five years from the date of write-off to monitor the possibility of its collection in the event of a change in the property status of the debtors.
For amounts received in order to collect debts previously written off at a loss, accounts 50 “Cash”, 51 “Cash Accounts” or 52 “Currency Accounts” are debited in correspondence with account 91 “Other income and expenses”. At the same time, off-balance sheet account 007 “Debt of insolvent debtors written off at a loss” is credited for the indicated amounts.
Analytical accounting for account 007 “Debt of insolvent debtors written off at a loss” is maintained for each debtor whose debt is written off at a loss, and for each debt written off at a loss.
Account 008 “Securities for obligations and payments received”
Account 008 “Securities for obligations and payments received” is intended to summarize information on the availability and movement of guarantees received to secure the fulfillment of obligations and payments, as well as security received for goods transferred to other organizations (individuals).
If the guarantee does not specify the amount, then for accounting purposes it is determined based on the terms of the contract.
The amounts of collateral recorded in account 008 “Collateral for obligations and payments received” are written off as the debt is repaid.
Analytical accounting for account 008 “Securities for obligations and payments received” is maintained for each security received.
Account 009 “Securities for obligations and payments issued”
Account 009 “Securities for obligations and payments issued” is intended to summarize information on the availability and movement of guarantees issued to secure the fulfillment of obligations and payments. If the guarantee does not specify the amount, then for accounting purposes it is determined based on the terms of the contract.
The amounts of collateral recorded in account 009 “Collateral for obligations and payments issued” are written off as the debt is repaid.
Analytical accounting for account 009 “Securities for obligations and payments issued” is maintained for each security issued.
Account 010 “Depreciation of fixed assets”
Account 010 “Depreciation of fixed assets” is intended to summarize information on the movement of depreciation amounts for housing facilities, external improvement objects and other similar objects (forestry, road management, specialized shipping facilities, etc.), as well as for non-profit organizations for fixed assets. Depreciation on these objects is calculated at the end of the year according to established depreciation rates.
When disposing of individual objects (including sale, gratuitous transfer, etc.), the amount of depreciation on them is written off from account 010 “Depreciation of fixed assets.”
Analytical accounting for account 010 “Depreciation of fixed assets” is carried out for each object.
Account 011 “Fixed assets leased out”
Account 011 “Fixed Assets Leased” is intended to summarize information on the availability and movement of fixed assets leased out, if, under the terms of the lease agreement, the property must be accounted for on the balance sheet of the lessee (tenant).
Fixed assets leased are recorded on account 011 “Fixed assets leased” in the valuation specified in the lease agreements.
Analytical accounting for account 011 “Fixed assets leased” is carried out by tenant, for each object of fixed assets leased. Fixed assets leased out outside the Russian Federation are accounted for separately on account 011 “Fixed assets leased out.”
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Chart of accounts for 2018 (download)
Russian companies, as before, must use the Chart of Accounts - 2018 without fail. Let's consider which legal acts regulate the 2018 chart of accounts and how to correctly apply this document.
What is a chart of accounts?
Charts of accounts are consolidated documents approved by regulatory legal acts at the federal level. There are several industry-specific types of relevant documents.
Thus, the chart of accounts for the commercial sector was approved by order of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated October 31, 2000 No. 94n. Russian taxpayers must use this document as the basis for creating an internal accounting work plan (paragraph 4 of the Instructions for using the chart of accounts, approved by Order No. 94n).
The accounting plan is a key source for completing the documents that make up the organization's balance sheet. A little later we will look at how their components relate to each other.
In accordance with the internal work plan accounts, firms operating in the Russian Federation carry out standardized accounting of various business transactions related to asset management, fulfillment of obligations, expenditure of funds, extraction of income, etc.
The main elements of the chart of accounts approved by the Ministry of Finance for private companies are as follows:
- numbers and names of main accounts;
- numbers and names of subaccounts.
When forming its own work plan, the organization does not have the right to change the first 2 parameters, but the parameters of subaccounts can. If necessary, the firm can also approve additional subaccounts.
As a rule, to effectively reflect business transactions, the accounts proposed by the Ministry of Finance require further detail. The company can do this by introducing its own analytical accounts, supplementing those recorded in Order No. 94n.
Let's look at what other accounting plans there are.
Which legal acts approved the charts of accounts for financial and economic activities?
We noted above that commercial organizations are required to formulate working accounting plans based on the provisions of Order No. 94n. This legal regulation can be supplemented by sources of law that adapt accounting legislation to the activities of certain categories of taxpayers. Among such regulations is Order No. 64n of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated December 21, 1998, which approved recommendations for accounting for small enterprises.
The need for accounting is also legally established for state and municipal organizations. The main regulatory legal act establishing the accounting plan for such structures is Order of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated December 1, 2010 No. 157n. There are also complementary sources of law:
- order No. 174n dated December 16, 2010, which approved the accounting plan for budgetary institutions;
- Order No. 183n dated December 23, 2010, which approved the accounting plan for autonomous institutions.
In turn, government organizations are required to work within the framework of budget accounting - a subtype of accounting, adapted mainly for accounting for non-commercial financial transactions. The corresponding chart of accounts is given in the order of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated December 6, 2010 No. 162n.
A separate accounting plan was approved for banks operating in the Russian Federation by regulation of the Central Bank of the Russian Federation dated February 27, 2017 No. 579-P.
A separate accounting plan for non-credit financial organizations, approved by the Bank of Russia dated September 2, 2015 No. 486-P. Non-credit financial structures include, in particular, insurance companies. Thus, in the Russian Federation several types of charts of accounts have been established. But the main one for the commercial sphere is traditionally considered to be the one approved by Order No. 94n. Let's study its features, in particular, determine who needs to use it.
Who should use the accounting chart of accounts
The accounting chart of accounts approved by Order No. 94n must be used by organizations that, in accordance with the law, are obliged, firstly, to maintain accounting, and secondly, to use the double entry method in the process of maintaining it. These are all business entities in the Russian Federation, except:
- credit and state (municipal) institutions;
- branches and representative offices of foreign companies.
Individual entrepreneurs and branches of foreign companies have the right not to keep accounting records at all. Micro-enterprises and non-profit organizations may not use double entry and therefore not use the accounts recorded in Order No. 94n (clause 2.1 of the information of the Ministry of Finance of Russia No. PZ-3/2015). But in practice, this turns out to be not very convenient, so micro-enterprises, one way or another, still use accounts from those approved by the Ministry of Finance.
For some enterprises, the legislator establishes a preference in the form of the opportunity to maintain a simplified working chart of accounts. Let's consider this aspect in more detail.
Who can use the simplified chart of accounts?
In accordance with information from the Ministry of Finance of Russia No. PZ-3/2015, the preference in question can be used by:
- small businesses;
- companies operating in Skolkovo.
The use of a simplified accounting chart of accounts involves, first of all, reducing the number of synthetic accounts used in the structure of the work plan. Another relaxation is the ability not to use accounting registers in the work (clause 4.1 of information No. PZ-3/2015).
Chart of accounts table with subaccounts: correlation with the balance sheet
So, a significant part of Russian companies are required to work with a standard chart of accounts. The full accounting plan is reflected in order No. 94n in the form of a table. Its structure consists of 8 sections. Let's consider the connection between these sections, including accounts and subaccounts, with sections of the balance sheet.
The accounts of section 1 of the accounting plan are intended to reflect transactions with non-current assets. The balances on these accounts are the source of data for the formation of balance sheet lines in terms of non-current assets.
The accounts of section 2 of the accounting plan are used to reflect business transactions on inventories. The account balance of section 2 is used to fill out the section reflecting current assets in the balance sheet. For a similar purpose, data from sections 3 “Production Costs”, 4 “Finished Products and Goods” and 5 “Cash” of the accounting plan is used.
Read about the reflection of individual transactions in the accounts in our materials:
The indicators reflected in the accounts included in section 6 “Calculations” are used to reflect information about receivables and payables (including long-term ones).
How to reflect the issuance of accountable amounts, look in the material.
Sections 7 “Capital” and 8 “Financial Results” of the chart of accounts contain accounts that reflect data on capital, target financing, and the financial result of the organization.
For financial results accounting entries, see the article .
The procedure for reflecting retained earnings can be found in the article.
New chart of accounts for 2018
Did 2018 bring any legislative adjustments to the chart of accounts? The answer to this question depends on the scope of application of the relevant document.
Order of the Ministry of Finance of Russia No. 94n, used by commercial firms, was issued quite a long time ago - about 15 years ago. It can be noted that since that moment, changes have been made to it 3 times:
- by order No. 38n dated 05/07/2003;
- by order of September 18, 2006 No. 115n;
- by order of November 8, 2010 No. 142n.
Thus, the provisions of Order No. 94n have not been adjusted for almost 7 years. So there is no need to say that in 2018 a new accounting plan for commercial firms appeared.
Another thing is state and municipal organizations. The legislator is very active in adjusting the accounting policies of budgetary structures, especially in the main regulatory legal act regulating accounting in budgetary structures - order No. 157n.
Read more about the structure of the budget accounting account in the article .
Where can I download the chart of accounts?
You can download the current chart of accounts for commercial organizations on our website.
This document fully complies with the provisions of Order No. 94n.
Results
In the Russian Federation, various charts of accounts are used for budgetary, autonomous, government institutions, credit and non-credit financial organizations, and commercial organizations. For commercial organizations, the chart of accounts was approved by order of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated October 31, 2000 No. 94n. Small enterprises can use a simplified chart of accounts recommended by the Ministry of Finance in order No. 64n dated December 21, 1998. Each organization must develop a working chart of accounts independently and approve it in its accounting policies.