[English. Anglican Church, Lat. Ecclesia Anglicana]: 1) commonly used church name of England (The Church of England), official. Protestant. Church of the UK; 2) In the expansion sense, the definition applied to all churches historically connected to the Church of England and the dividing doctrine of the Anglicanism (see Anglican Commonwealth).
History
English Reformation relied on the national tradition of criticism of the Roman Catholic Church, set forth in the works of the theoreticals of the Cathedral Movement, theological treatises and sermons of J. Weeklyph and Lollardov, in the works of J. Fisher, J. Kolta, etc. At the turn of the XV-XVI centuries. For the first time, Lutheran ideas. Reformation began to penetrate England in the beginning. XVI in. Soil for perception Protestant. The exercises were prepared, the reason for the beginning of the T. N. "Royal Reformation", supported by Cambridge Theologians (T. Kranmer, W. Tyndal, M. Koverdale, N. Ridley, H. Latimer, etc.), became a conflict between the Cor. Henry VIII and the Pope of the Roman Clement VII due to the latter's reluctance to cancel the king's marriage with Ekaterina Aragon.
From 1529 to 1536, the Parliament of the Reformation was convened on the initiative of the king adopted a number of laws that have limited jurisdiction, financial rights and the impact of Pope in England: acts "On the limitation of annates" (SR 23 Hen VIII. P. 20) (1532), "O subordination of the clergy "(SR 25 Hen VIII. P. 19) (1534)," On the restriction of appeals to Rome "(SR 24 Hen VIII. P. 12) (1533)," On church appointments "(SR 25 Hen VIII. P 20) (1534), "On the abolition of papal dispensations and penny payments. Peter "(SR 25 Hen VIII. P. 21) (1534)," On the abolition of papal jurisdiction against the English clergy "(SR 28 Hen VIII. P. 10) (1536). Parliament adopted an act of Suprematia (1534), proclaiming the king of the Supreme Head of the Church, and for the first time we legalized the National Anglican independent from Rome. Church (Ecclesia Anglicana), managed by Priac - Archbishop Canterbury. Control of the king were the conservation of the English. clergy, appointment to church positions, financial receipts from church benefits and tithing. The land ownership of the church moved to the king as a result of them in 1535-1539. secularization of the property of the church. Mont-Rus dissolution was accompanied by the destruction of icons, sculptures, stained glass windows and church relics. As a result of the "Royal Reformation", A. C. turned into one of the IS-Ts. The right to approve her doctrine, rites and internal structure was legally fixed by the king and English. Parliament. At the 1st stage of the transformation, the creeds of the church did not affect, which was determined by the position of Henry VIII, which was negatively related to luterance. Among the Anglican. Theologian big weight He had a group of bishops led by Stefan Gardiner, striving to preserve in the inviolability of Catholic. Celebration. They were opposed by the clergy wing, headed by Archbishop Kenterbury Thomas by Kranmer, the chief ideologist of the English. Reformation in the 1st floor. XVI in. In 1536, the Reformation Committee was chaired by the Cranmer, who supported close ties with it. Protestant. Theologists F. Melanchton, M. Bucker, V. F. Kapito, A. Oozander, et al., Formulated the basic principles of Anglican. Religience - "Ten Articles", fastened, despite their compromise, gap with Roman Catholic. The doctrine, since only 3 sacraments were recognized - baptism, Eucharist and repentance, and the Protestant was declared. Principle of justification faith. Under the influence of the Cranmer and his like-minded people, Heinrich VIII allowed in con. 30s. XVI in. publish and distribute eng. Bible translations (see Bible, Translations), in 1539 the 1st edge. t. n. Big Bible (Greate Bible), but as a result of the victory of traditionalists who published in 1539 "Six Statute" (see six articles), who returned the Church of England to Roman Catholic. The doctrine, Heinrich VIII introduced restrictions on reading and interpretation of the Bible for the laity (1543). Supporters of Calvinism, spreading in the 30-40s. XVI in. In England, did not satisfy the moderate nature of church reform. The adoption of the throne of the Cor. Eduard VI (1547-1553) marked the beginning of a new, more radical stage of the Reformation of the Church of England. "Six articles" were canceled, the restrictions on the reading of the Bible were removed and a commission was created to develop Anglican. Symbol faith. In 1547, ed. T. Krangemer was published a book of Homilius (see Homeliaria), which was playing an important role in the history of Anglican. Theology. The most important step in the English. The reformation was the publication of the book of common prayers (1549, the 2nd edition - 1552), finally fixed the recognition of only 2 sacraments and the interpretation of the symbolic nature of the Eucharist. The introduction of the book of common prayers was accompanied by "acts of uniformity", uniformitating the liturgical practice of Anglicism. In 1552, the Cranmer Commission completed work on 42 articles approved by Eduard VI as an official. Religions A. C., However, the death of the king and the adoption of the throne of Maria Tudor (1553-1558) interrupted the development of the English. Reformation. Her Board was noted by the restoration of Catholicism, the revival of monastic orders, the restitution of church lands, the persecution of Protestants and the emigration of many of them to Germany and Switzerland.
With the prestrol of the Queen of Elizabeth I (1558-1603) A.S. was restored. A new "act about supremacy" and "thirty-nine articles" were adopted - the presentation of Anglican. creeds, preserving its strength and in the present. time as well as published a new book Homilius (1571). The development of doctrinal provisions was carried out in acute controversy between supporters of a moderate state. A. C. In the form, in the rum, it existed in Henrich VIII and Eduard VI (R. Hucker, R. Bankroft, M. Parker, J. Joweel, J. Whitgif), and the theologians who fell in the years of emigration under The strong influence of Calvinism and the ideal of the church device in an independent Calvinist. communities (J. Knox, K. Goodman, E. Grindal, W. Traverses, T. Cutright). In Elizabeth I, I was finally formed by the compromise doctrinal appearance of A.S. - selected the middle path (Via Media) between Catholicism and Protestantism. However, it did not satisfy how the English. Catholics and Puritan - supporters of the radical reform of the Church. Repressive legislation against Catholics, developed in the 70-90s. The XVI century, obliging them to visit the Anglican. Worship in fears of fines and imprisonment. Catholics lost the right to occupy state. posts because it was associated with the oath of the ruling monarch as the head of the church, and could not receive scientific degrees in un-tach. Almost simultaneously, in 1571, Elizabeth I issued an antipuritian act "On some unrest against clergy." Puritans at this time went to criticism of the official. A. C., its main objects were the bishopath, church hierarchy and excessive loudness of worship. In the Puritan movement there was a division into a moderate Presbyterian and radical Independent, or Congregationist. Without showing open disobedience to the authorities, Puritan preachers retained the visibility of belonging to A.S., at the same time, at the same time, the country service in the "Geneva" Calvinist. Prayer room, violating the prescriptions of the Book of General Prayers. A special court of high commission was used to combat impudent poinitanism. As a result of the activities of this commission, many missing priests lost their posts. At the first stearters, the criticism of the episcopal device A. C. From the side of Puritan intensified. With the desire for the throne of the Cor. Yakova I Stewart (1603-1625) they awarded him that "Thousand Petition" (i.e., signed by thousands of priests) with complaints of testers Calvoryan. Preachers and deprivation of their benefits, with criticism of the book of common prayers and Anglican. clergy. The king convened the conference of Representatives Puritan and Anglican. Bishops in the Hampton Court Palace and promised to hold reforms. However, if the Calvlyn Salvinist was fully separated in the theological terms of Scot. Looks, then political claims Presbyterian on independence from the state. The authorities were unacceptable for him. In criticism of the episcopate and the hierarchical structure of A.S. He saw the undermining of his authority as the head of the church. The promises of the monarch in the absence of real reforms caused the disappointment of Puritan: a group of the most radical preachers, openly stating his rejection of the book of common prayers and the illegality of church establishments, emigrated to the Netherlands, but most of the Puritian of the Presbyterian sense remained in Lona A. C. With Yakov I were published Cunnons arch (Code of Canons, 1604) and new Bible translation, so-called. Bible King Yakov, or the permitted version (Authorised Version, 1611) (see Bible, Transfers).
New phenomenon in A.S. XVII century. It was the spread of Arminianism, unacceptable not only for Puritan, but also for more moderate members of A.S., which complicated the relations of the Cor. Charles I, who was his adherent, with Anglican. clergy. In 1633, the Archbishop of Canterbury was appointed William Lod - a prominent theorist of Arminianism. In liturgical practice, he began to revive the traditions of Catholic. Worship, which caused looding accusations in Papipism. These reforms caused a wide opposition not only in England, but also in Scotland, where his attempt to introduce Anglican. The book of common prayers led to a wide movement in defense of the Presbyterian Church, signing by 1638 of the Covenant and 2 Antiangle. "Episcopian Wars" (1639-1640). The indignation of both temperate Anglican and Puritan led to the fact that in 1640 t. N. The long parliament subjected to the Impiciment, condemned the Arminian arch of the canons. As the conflict is deepened between the king and the Puritan parliament, the criticism of the bishopath, having encouraging the "eradicated the treachery tree with the root and branches". Under the influence of these sentiments, the Parliament has abolished the Court of High Commission in 1641 and in the course of the Bill of Bishops, which prohibited not only the bishops, but any spiritual person acted in 1642 Bind secular states. posts. In 1643, the diocesant department was abolished in England and Wales and sequestered the property of all Kapitulov, Archbishop, bishops, deans and spiritual persons who supported the king in his war with parliament. In June 1643, by the decision of the Parliament, the Westminster Assembly of theologian was convened, the Presbyterians dominated on the swarm; The fruit of her work became Westminster confession and composed on its basis catechism. In 1646, the destruction of the Episcopal A. C. was brought to the end of the Ordonance of the destruction of archbishopans and bishops.
In the course civil War and revolution in England t. Oh. There was a gap with the tradition of not only the post-reforming bishop unit Anglican. Churches but and all of her historical Development For cf. centuries and laid legal foundations for creating the National Presbyterian Church in England. However, Presbyterian had opponents not only among the supporters of the traditions. Anglicism. Destruction officer. Churches and crisis of church discipline in the 40-50s. XVII century Left to strengthen radical currents - Independents (Congregationalists) who denied the idea of \u200b\u200ba unified National Church as such, supporters of independence of local congregations, independently eating pastors and managed their own affairs without interference with secular authorities, as well as Baptists, Brownists (see R. Brown), Barrowysts (See Barrow), Mennonites, Quakers, Fifth Monarchy of People, etc.
In the period of the republic and the protectorate O. Cromwell, the above-mentioned Presbyterian reform was not fully implemented: the Presbyterian Church was formed, but she could not oust an officer. A.S. in the territory of the whole country. The elements of the Presbyterian system were included in the State Church (State Church), which took place during Cromwell (1654), which tried to compromise between various Protestant. currents in a nationwide scale. From ministers new church No consent was required with K.L. definitely formulated doctrinal provisions. To control the appointments of the clergy in 1654, special commissions created, their authoritative ministers of Presbyterian, Independent and Baptist were included. . As a result, 2500 Anglican. Priests of 9 thousand lost arrival. The period of the Protectorate was marked by tolerance in relation to the discs - Protestant. Seats not recognizing the state. Church (with the exception of toiletriev), as well as to Catholics and Jews. At the beginning of the restoration period of the monarchy, before we are treated for the throne, Cor. Karl II (1660-1685) signed a Brad Declaration, promising freedom of religion to all Christians, and restored A. C. with its former epippoal device. During the debate Anglican. Bishops and representatives of the Presbyterian clergy at the Savoy Conference 1661, the version of the prayer was not proposed by Presbyterians, was not accepted. From priests who did not receive proper initiation in the era of the republic, they demanded a re-ordination in the presence of bishops. Karl II approved the book of common prayers and "Act on Uniformity" (1662), which could not be accepted by Presbyterians. As a result approx. 2 thousand priests lost their beneficiations, they became the first representatives of the movement of nonconformist in England. Yakov II (1685-1688) issued an "act of tolerance to Catholics" (1688), which caused the perturbation of Protestant. population. As a result of the "glorious revolution" at the throne, Wilhelm III Orange (1689-1702), striving to rely on the coalition of all Protestant. Forces, including dischangers. An important step in his policy was the "act of violence" (1689) in relation to the radical sects, which would have the right to freely send their cults. In con. XVII century Theological controversy has lost sharpness .. For the minds of Anglican. clergy of the turn of the XVII-XVIII centuries. Lattianianism is characteristic - relative indifference to disputes about the doctrinal issues, the principles of the organization of the Church and liturgical practice, tolerance and the desire for the unity of various directions inside A. c.; In theological relationship of Latitdaria were supporters of "natural theology" and followers of Cambridge Platonists.
At the turn of the XVII-XVIII centuries. Ented the concept of "high" and "low" church. The term "High Church", occurring already in the XVII century, applies to those members of A.S., to-rye tend to emphasize her community rather with Catholic. Than with Protestant., Tradition (in this sense, it applies to theologians more early, Elizabethan period). In contrast to this concept in the beginning. XVIII century There was a term "low church" - a flow in Anglicanism, ideally close to radical protestantism and nonconformism. With gray XIX century Evangelicals began to attribute to this direction (see Evangelism, Evangelical). A noticeable phenomenon in life A. C. became the birth in the XVIII century. Methodism and the Evangelical Movement close to him. Their emergence was a consequence of the reaction of the wide layers of the Anglican indifference. clergy to the postulates of faith, as well as the spread of skepticism and atheism; Negative consequences of such a state of faith, with t. S. The British, led to the Excesses of the French Revolution. Distinctive features of Methodism as a renewal movement of A.S. were emphasized by piety, strict observance of rites, systematic preaching activities among the poor. In 1795, the Methodists who created their own, well-organized church structure were mediated from the Church of England. The leaders of the evangelical movement of J. U. Fletcher, Venn, W. Romain and J. Newton sought to use the existing parish system without giving out with A.S. in Con. XVIII-XIX century. Evangelicals belonged a leading role in the struggle for social reforms and improving living conditions, as well as in mission. A-in-in encouraged preaching activities that it was partly due to changes in the state of the English. Catholics whose Relig. And civil rights were gradually restored to the Board of Kings George III (1760-1820) and George IV (1820-1830) due to a number of "acts on the emancipation of Catholics" (1777, 1791, 1793, 1829) .. These innovations gave rise to discontent in the Anglican environment. clergy and Protestants-laity. The desire to strengthen the position of A.S., to-ry, on the one hand, the "competence of Catholics" was threatened, with Dr.- intellectual liberalism, the Oxford movement was generated, whose activity paradoxically led to rapprochement with Catholicism and the emergence of angokatolycyism. The initial goal of the group of Oxford theologists, which entered E. Phuzi, J. Kybib, J. Newman, etc., was the apology of A.S. as a divine establishment, proof of her bishopath, the justification of the truth of the instructions of the book of common prayers in a series of treatises, We published since 1833 (see Tractorism). In the 40s XIX century Awareness of historical communication A. Ts. With the Roman Catholic Church, their proximity in individual doctrinal issues and in the practice of worship led to the appeal of some members of the movement to Catholicism, but most of them remained in Lona A. C.
One of the problems that arose before A. C. in the XIX century was the need to determine its attitude to the latest achievements of natural sciences. A serious challenge A.S. turned out to discover C. Darwin in the field of evolution and natural selection (1859), initially caused a sharp condemnation and controversy with him representatives of the Church, in particular EP. Samuel Wilberfors. However, the caution of the findings of Darwin himself, who did not want to enter into an open conflict, as well as the traditions of rationalism in Anglican. Theology allowed to overcome the crisis due to the recognition of the liberal-minded theologians the possibility of development physical worldnot contrary to the Divine Plan. To start. XX century The variety of living organisms and their species, the complexity of the mechanism of natural selection began to be perceived as proof of the greatness of the Creator. A number of new problems arose before A. C. in connection with the question of the admissibility of the historical approach to the tests of holy. Scriptures and on the use of new methods in biblical, K-Ryim were guided at this time. Authoritative scholars Bibleists B. F. Westcott, F. J. Hort, J. Lightfoot, J. Robinson, Ch. Dodd, F. Maurice. The result of discussions and recognition of the need for new interpretations of the world's picture was the design of liberal theology in England. In 1860, supporters of strengthening the rationalistic principle in theology (B. Jowett, F. Templ, M. Pattison) outlined their views on Sat. "Experiments and reviews" (Essays and Reviews. L., 1860), C-ry caused the criticism of representatives of all currents in A. C. To the liberal theologians, who sought to interpret the Anglican. Creation, taking into account historical and cultural research, psychology, comparative linguistics, etc. And, by placing the theological issues in a wider intellectual context, thereby smoothing the contradiction of the "high" and "low" directions, began to apply the definition of "Wide Church". It was later distributed on the ideological heirs of liberal theology - modernist con. XIX - NCH. XX century
In con. XIX century In the circles of angokatolics and Oxford movement, liberal ideas began to spread. The approving attitude towards scientific research methods and critical bibnetics was reflected in the Lux Mundi edition (1889), prepared by a group of theologians of the "High Church". Similar trends in the environment of evangelicals led to the allocation of liberal evangelism in this course, the organizationally issued in the movement of the Anglican Gosson Movement (1906-1967).
Liberal and modernist tendencies have provided a strong influence on the mood in A.S. in Con. XIX - NCH. XX century They expressed, in particular, in the activities of the Union of Church Workers (Churchmen "S Union, 1898), transformed in 1928 to the Union of New Churchmen (Modern Churchmen" S Union). Members of the Union believed that theology should adapt to the requirements of modernity and keep up with new scientific theories. Their opinion was divided and supported by representatives of the T.N. "New Realism" - secular philosophers and theologian J. E. Moore, B. Rossek, Ch. D. Brod, G. H. Pryes. Their attitude to religion varied from indifference to a sharp denial. In the controversy with this school, but under its influence there was an authoritative direction t. N. "Realistic metaphysics" (Ch. L. Morgan, S. Alexander, A. N. Whitehead), striving, leaning on an evolutionary theory in biology and achievements of mathematics, to create a new picture of the world, K-paradium would not contradict the basics of Christ. teaching.
Dr. Branch of "New Realism", so on. "Logical empiricism" (A. J. Ayer, J. Rail, R. Breituit, J. Wezdom), continued the traditions of analytical philosophy B. Russell. As a result, a number of theoretical works on the specifics of the "Language of Religion" appeared. The distribution of liberal theology and modernism and the need to resist criticism to the tradition of tradition. Christ. The doctrines led in the 30-40s. Xx in. To strengthen neoconservatism in A.S. However, its influence in England was not so strong as in continental Europe or the United States. Postliberal Anglican. Theology continued to strive for the productive synthesis of science and faith on the basis of the unity of Divine Revelation and the Human Reason (W. Temple, J. Bailey, D. M. Bailey, H. H. Farmer).
Another crisis in Anglican. Theology and rise of modernist quest occurred in the 50-60s. Xx in. Under the influence, on the one hand, the achievements of astrophysics and theoretical mathematics, and with others, thanks to the increase in the interest of others to the problems of personality and gender. Anglican Group. Theologians made a sharp criticism of A.C. and traditions. Christ. The doctrines in general, not responded, in their opinion, real requests for the OB. EP. Vychachsky John Robinson in the work "honestly before God", as well as A. Vidler, H.A. Williams, and others, put forward the idea of \u200b\u200b"non-density Christianity" (Religionless Christianity), extremely widely interpreting the concept of God and taking the bias. Scripture as a collection of myths, requiring reflection and interpretation of it in a historical context (J. Hic, A. Makintyre). However, if their call for A.S. Find their place in the Sovr. the world was supported by part of the clergy and the laity, new theology Not received recognition.
The crisis in the constitutional relations of the secular state and the church at the turn of the XIX-XX centuries. It was caused by the fact that the Church was practically not able to make independent decisions on the creation of the internal device and the liturgical practice. Attempts to change the situation led to the creation of the National Assembly of the Church of England in 1919 (The Church of England National Assembly, the Abbreviated Assemblies of the Church), K-paradium received the authority to prepare legislative proposals on church life issues - so H. Measures (Measures), but they still had to be approved by the Parliament and the Monarch, so on. The existence of the National Assembly has not changed the principles of the relationship between the spiritual and secular authorities. Since 1904, the work of the theological commission to revise the book of general prayers (editors 1662) was located. The text submitted by the National Assembly, the text of an updated prayer officer for the approval of Parliament was twice rejected (1927, 1928).
At the same time, the tendency towards the democratization of the inner life of the Church of England has developed. Activation of parish life, the participation of the Mijan in the educational and charitable activities of the Church led to the creation of a system of representation from the laity in the organs of the church management of all levels. In 1885-1892 The Mijan Chambers (Houses of Laity) have arisen at both conclitions of the English. clergy - Canterbury and York. On the basis of conservations and both Mijan Chambers in 1904, a representative church council arose, transformed in 1919 to the National Assembly. In 1921, the reform of church self-government was carried out: in the parishes, advice was created with the participation of laity. In 1947-1967 The National Assembly received the functions of the Supreme Court of Appeal in matters of the doctrine of the Church, Worship and Church Disciplines, which previously belonged to the Secondary Body - the Legal Committee of the Cabinet of Ministers. According to the Act of Synodal Government (Synodical Government Measure Act, 1965), the National Assembly in 1969, the National Assembly was transformed into the General Synod of the Church of England, which received the law of the legislative initiative in church issues.
Saving a book of general prayers (editors 1662), the National Assembly, and then the General Synod and Parliament adopted a resolution on the assumption of alternative forms of worship (Alternative and Other Services Measure, 1965) with subsequent clarifications on this occasion in 1967, 1968 and 1971 . In 1968, the 1st book of the prayer of an alternative service (Alternative Service Book) was published. Since 1974, alternative forms of divine services are permitted on an ongoing basis. In the same year was adopted. The Act of Parliament "On the Church of England (her worship and doctrine)" (The Church of England) "(Worship and Doctrine) Measure Act), for the first time recognizing the legal entity of the church itself represented by the General Synod to make changes to the creed and change the order of worship.
Creation
Doctrine A.S. is a unique combination of provisions inherent in Catholic. And Protestant. (Lutheran. And Calvinist.) Creeds. The most authoritative sources that set the main provisions of the creed of A.S., are the book of common prayers and "thirty-nine articles", they do not agree with everything in everything, since "Thirty-nine articles" have a more pronounced Protestant. character.
The main source of creed in A.S. is holy. Scripture. It "contains everything you need for salvation, so what cannot be read in it, or that cannot be proven through it, one cannot demand from anyone so that he believed in it, as in the faith's article, or that it is considered And it was necessary as necessary for salvation "(" Thirty-nine articles ", Art. 6). The doctrine of holy. Tradition as such in the "Thirty Nine Articles" is not contained, however, in Art. 34 It is said about the "legends of the Church", under K-fish they mean different liturgical customs, but the main criterion for their correctness is "not contradiction of the Word of God". The Anglication does not deny the completely authority of the legend, but limits it by the first 5 centuries of Christianity and the decrees of the first 4. Cathedrals. The unconditional are 3 Symbol of Faith: Nikeo-Tsareghadsky, so-called. Apostolic and Afanasyiv on the grounds that "they can be proven by the most faithful swirls. Scriptures. " According to the canons and regulations of the General Synod, the doctrine of the Church of England is based on holy. Scripture and on the teachings of the ancient fathers and the Councils of the Church, which is consistent with the Scripture. The principal position of the Anglican. The creeds are the need to serve and commit sacraments in the national language (Art. 24).
A.S. adheres to the teachings on St. Trinity, but in accordance with Catholic. The tradition of sv. Spirit and "from the Son" (FILIOQUE) is recognized (Art. 5). A.S. does not have serious deviations in Christology from Ugra. teaching. Jesus Christ is a true God and a true man, the victim, crucified, who died in the redemption of the original and "all valid people's sins" (Art. 2), who came to hell (Art. 3) and resurrected (Art. 4). Anglican. The doctrine of salvation is a protestant. The Solo Fide doctrine (justification "only faith") and proceeds from the fact that people are justified before God exclusively "merits of Jesus Christ through faith" (Art. 11). The value of good deeds to salvation is denied, although good deeds are interpreted as the "fruits of faith", indicating its truth (Article 12). The creed includes a calibist. The thesis on the predestination and intention of God is even before the creation of the world to save "elected by their faith in Christ" (Art. 17).
Anglican. The creed does not contain the concepts of church as a body of Christ. In art. 19 "The visible church" is opposed to the Church of the "invisible", the 1st is defined as the "Collection (Congregation) of believers in which the true Word of God is preached and the sacraments are performed", because, it is denied that the Earth Church is the Body of Christ. , and, traces., Church with a capital letter is only the Church of Heaven, different from earthly. "The visible church" repeatedly sinned in matters of faith (Art. 19), and Vnovo. The cathedrals were simply human assemblies, not always managed by St. Spirit (Art. 21). Church - "The witness and the keeper of Holy. Scriptures ", capable of installing rites and the order of worship, as well as make decisions in controversial doctrinal issues (Article 19, 20), but the authority of the church is addressed to the sacred. Scriptures: It cannot install or prescribe anything that would contradict him (Art. 20).
Only "two sacraments established by the Lord of our Lord in the Gospel are accepted, namely the baptism and the lord's evening" (i.e. Eucharist) (Art. 25). O 5 remaining - confirmation, repentance, priesthood, marriage and excitement - it is said that they do not have confirmation or pre-preparation in the gospel and "do not have such nature as baptism and the lord's evening" (Art. 25), and traces., Can not To be considered the sacraments in the true sense of the word. The adoption of the sacrament of baptism is allowed as in infant age, "which is consistent with the teachings of Christ" (Art. 27) and in a mature. The sacrament is taken under both species (art. 30). The doctrine of the sacrament of the Eucharist is that the Eucharist "is the sacrament of our atonement by the death of Christ, so that for those who are righteous, worthy and with faith accepts it: bread ... the sacrament of the body of Christ, and the Bowl is the Blood Communion of Christ"; People are unworthy and "deprived of a living faith, although physical and visible way ... They hit the sacrament of the body of Christ and the blood of Christ, however they are not at all joined Christ" (Art. 29). The body of Christ "is given, accepted and eaten on the evening only heavenly and spiritual way, and the means, by whom the body of Christ is accepted and eaten on the evening there is faith" (Art. 28). A.S. denies the concept of the Eucharist as renewable during the Liturgy of the redeeming sacrifice, since "The victim, fully responsible for the sins of the whole world," was brought by Christ once (Art. 31); Liturgy is only an image and memories of a true sacrifice.
About the Mother of God in the "thirty-nine articles" speaks only once: the Son of God "took the human nature in the womb of a blessed Virgin from her creature" (Art. 2). In the church calendar A.S. We find such holidays as the Christmas of the Virgin Mary and the Annunciation of Mary, but nowhere she is referred to as the Virgin. Usually, the British refer to her blessed Virgin Mary, just Virgo Maria or our lady. In the liturgical texts there is no K.-L. Prayer calls for the Mother of God.
The Anglicanism Doctrine's Reformation formulated in the Epoch has denied as not confirmation in Holy. Scripture reverence of relics, icons and statues of the saints, as well as the very doctrine of their merits that replenish the "Treasury of Grace", stored by the Church (Art. 14, 22; The Book of Homilies (1571) - "Of the Right Use of the Church", "Against Peril of Idolatry"). The prayer appeal to the intercession and the mediation of the saints was also not recognized. However, in the practice of a "high church" from the XIX century. Under the influence of Oxford movement, he was reborn the reversion of some saints and the room in the temples of the icon was allowed.
"Thirty-nine articles" contain a number of archaic provisions formulated during the victim in the present. The time is its sharpness of controversy with Rome about the ability of Roman Catholic. Churches are mistaken both in practice and in matters of faith (Article 19), about the mistakes of Catholic. The teachings on purgatory and indulgences (Art. 22), that he broke. Cathedrals should be convened by the will of secular rulers (Art. 21) or to combat medieval. Hergy (for example, pelagianism - Art. 9) and radical protestant. sects (Baptists and Anabaptists - Art. 27).
The archaicity of "thirty-nine articles" and the very nature of this document, which covered only the most important in the XVI century. Theological problems, the extreme conciseness of its wording, the lack of sections relating to eschatology, as well as any systematic presentation of the ethical and social doctrine of the Church, was aware of Anglican. clergy. The need for further development and clarification of doctrinal provisions was dictated by the presence in the Church of England various directions - high, low, wide, evangelical. In this regard, in 1922, a special commission on the doctrine was established, K-paradise after 16 years of work presented the report "Doctrine in the Church of England" (DOCTRINE IN THE CHURCH OF ENGLAND, 1938) .. A document consisting of 3 sections - "The Doctrine of God and Atonement", "Church and the Mysteries" and "ESKATOLOGY" - was not approved by the conservations of the clergy and did not receive an officer. Status, but nevertheless, the Commission's activities are considered an important step in the development of the theology of Anglicism. Officer Religious documents do not reflect the entire manifold of Anglican. theological thought, however, A. C. Request evade the more accurate wording of his doctrine, especially in ethical and social issues, presenting the views of its hierarchs and leading theologians as private opinions that have authority only due to the fact that they reflect general trends In A. C. This kind of neopic. Applications on certain issues of creeding and urgent problems of the Sov. Reality is often made in the framework of the Anglican Commonwealth at the anglican meetings. Bishopath during the Lambta conferences.
Worship
Eucharist
(English EUCHARIST, Lord's Supper - Lord "S Supper, Holy Communion - Holy Communion). After the morning worship service and Litania, it is prescribed to perform the Eucharistic Liturgy. The introductory heading of the book of common prayers obliges Miryan to report its intention to meet at least 1 day. Chin Liturgy begins From the prayer "Our Father", for the K-Roy, there is an unchangeable collection of "Almighty God, who are open to all hearts ...", reading 10 Commandments of Moses, Collection for Queen, Collection of Day, Apostolic and Evangelical Reading, Symbol of Faith (Niko-Tsaregdsky ). Then the teachings and royal decrees are read, pronounce a sermon, make ads. After that, during reading poems from the Bible, donations are harvested, the price of the priest is made directly on St. The Throne. There is also bought bread and wine, the rite of offerings are not accompanied by special Prayers. Next pronounces a prayer for all the completeness of the Church of Christ and 3 exhortations. Then a brief repentant chin is committed faithful to those who faithfully take a call to repentance, general confession, absolution and "comforting words" from the NZ. Next follow the Eucharist Canon (see AnaFora) and communion. Eucharistic gifts are taught with the words: "The body of the Lord of our Jesus Christ, for you a devotee, will save the body and your soul into life is eternal: we use and eat it in the memory that Christ died for you and drink him in my heart with Thanksgiving in my heart." And "The Blood of the Lord of our Jesus Christ, for you shed, and will save the body and the soul into the life of eternal; Drink it in the memory that the blood of Christ sheds for you, and be grateful. " After communion, the "Father", thankful prayer, Gloria in Excelsis (Lat.-Glory in the Highway are read, is read.
Anglican. Eucharist canon in the twentieth century. Passed striking changes. The Canon of the Book of Common Prayers of 1662 consists of 3 parts: Praefatio, prayers about decent communion, the prayer of the sanctification of gifts. In the latter, 3 parts can be distinguished: the appeal to God to the Father, who sent her son for our redemption, epiccelue ("I hear us, gracious away ...") and set words. The comment present in the book in the book that, if the holy gifts are not enough, the priest sanctifies additional bread and wine, uttering only words of establishment, it suggests that it was originally in A.C. Partly continued Catholic. t. S. On the time of the consecration of gifts (see transdsubstanization, alignment).
But already compilers of the book of common prayers of 1927/28, up to the 70s. Xx in. In many ways, the total prayers of the total prayers of 1662 (unofficially in England, officially in almost all of the Anglican Commonwealth), they adhere to other views during the consecration of gifts and the relationship of different parts of an ephor. The book of the general prayers of 1927/28. Consists of Praefatio, Sanctus, the prayers of consecration (without epiclosis), the oblation prayers (English- offer) indicating that the gifts are brought to God, and Invocation (English- Condition) - descending Epiciasis. After that, follow the prayer under Et Memores (lat.-therefore and permeability; one of the parts of Rome. Canon Mass from the book of common prayers of 1549), "Our Father", a prayer for a worthy communion and only then - the communion of holy gifts. At the same time, the heading states: "If the sanctified bread and wine is run out before everyone is involved, the priest must be consecrated by the prescribed: since the words" Glory to you, God almighty ... "before the words" ... Particitants of the Blessed Body and His blood ". T. about., The sanctification is attributed here not only to prayer, including set words, but also 2 other - oblation and invocation. In the light of this, it can be assumed that the headline of "consecration prayer" refers not only to prayer with the words of establishment, but also to 2 follows.
To con. XX century Epiclease has become an integral part of the Anglican. Anaphors. Moreover, according to many servicemen, only epiclease, without words of establishment, is sufficient to consecrate the gifts.
Although in the book of general prayers of 1662, the Eucharist post is not named among the necessary conditions for decent communion, until the XVIII century. It remained in the practice of A.S. in the XIX century. During the Oxford movement, the custom of the mandatory Eucharistic post was restored, and to the con. XIX century The practice of the Eucharistic post has become universal. In the present Time There is a custom to abide by the Eucharist post from midnight. If the liturgy serves in the evening, the time of the post can be from 12 to 3 hours. However, non-compliance cannot be the reason for the failure in communion.
Calendar and lepture
Calendar is generally used (see the church year) and a lecturer books of common prayers of 1662, which consists of great holidays (Red Letter Days - days, [marked] red letter), small holidays (Black Letter Days - days, [marked ] Black Letter) and days, no to-ry. Celebration. The Great Holidays are considered to be Christmas, the Epiphany, the Clarification, Circumcision of the Lord, the Annunciation, the appeal of St. Paul, the days of the memory of the apostles and evangelists, St. Stephen, John the Baptist, Arch. Mikhail and all the angels, Bethlehem babies and all saints. In addition, the great holidays are considered to be all Sundays of the year, Mondays and Tuesdays for Easter and Pentecost. Easter and Pentecost are not included in the list of holidays, since they always coincide with Sunday, but their worship is quite a festive. Great holidays differ from other days by the collection of the day and special readings on liturgy, although collectors and readings are also available for some misadvertent days: for the "ash environment" (1st Wednesday of the Great Post) and all days of passionate saddemitsa (collectors only For Friday and Saturday). Integrated. Reading days go in order, throughout the week is used by the collection of the previous Sunday.
The lecturer books of common prayers consists of readings at the evening and morning worship services, apostolic and gospel readings on liturgy, and Psaltiri, divided by T. about., That it is read in a month. Psalms and biblical songs in it are given from the Big Bible of 1538, translated by vulgate.
In the present Time Calendar of the Book of General Prayers of 1662 exists rather as a liturgical minimum. From the 1st Sunday of Advent 2000, he was replaced by a new calendar and a lesterarian of the Book of Public Services of 2000. The calendar includes several. Holidays: Sundays, Main Holidays (Christmas, Epiphany, Presentation, Annunciation, Easter, Ascension, Pentecost, St. Trinity Day, Day of All Saints), Holidays (Biblical Saints), Small Holidays (NestiBlean Saints) and "Memories" ( Saints and non-Canonized Forthworthy Faith). The main and small holidays have their own collector and post-communion ( thank you prayer After communion). Sunday ledgeraria is distributed in 3 years (for each Sunday day there are 3 services), and the student - within 2 years.
The church year, according to the book of common prayers, begins with 1 Jan., but in the XX century. All anglican. The churches returned to the old Zap. Practice to start it from the 1st Sunday of Advent. The circle of moving holidays and posts of the book of common prayers of 1662 entered the new calendar, but in the present. Time posts in Anglican. Churches, following Catholic., He was kept to the observance of the "ash environment" and the Great Friday. Anglican. Monastic orders observe posts according to the rules of the respective Catholic. Monastic orders.
Epiphany
A.S. gives the following definition of the sacrament of baptism: "Baptism is not only a symbol of confession and a sign on which Christians can be distinguished from unreleased, but also the sign of the Renaissance, through which the True Baptism takes to the church" ("Thirty-nine articles", T. 27).
The general prayer book contains 3 baptism ranks: babies in the church, babies at home (with special circumstances), adult baptism.
Chin baptism of babies in the church (Public Baptism of Infants) includes: water binding; Evangelical reading (MK 10); Chin denial of Satan, confession of faith, pronunciation of crop cashematics; The baptism itself, performed through immersion (or, if the baby is very weak, through pouring) with the utterance of the formula: "[[name], I am baptized in the name of the Father and the Son and the Holy Spirit. Amen "(as in Catholic. Churches); Cross signs, drawn by the priest on the forehead of the baby. At the end of the rank, the priest appeals to the godfather with exhortation to teach the baby Catechism and in the laid time to lead to the bishop confirmation.
An adult with baptism himself denied Satan, confesses faith and gives baptic vows. "Breamed should be confined to the bishop in the shortest possible time." In the preamble to the Baptism, it is said that both for a baby and for an adult requires at least 3 godfalls, and 2 should be the same sex with the Khfezhem. In Sovr. His parents can be the practice of the godfish. With baptism connected in the book of common prayers "Thanksgiving for a woman after the birth of a child."
If baptized vows were not by K.L. Reasons pronounced with baptism, they must be pronounced before confirmation.
Confirmation
Confirmation is usually performed on baptized adolescents 14-16 years old, as well as over passing in A.C. from non-sectional churches. The book of common prayers contains a brief catechism, designed to prepare children to confirm, teach to the roma is charged with the duty to the rector of arrival.
Chin confirmation is performed by the bishop. He places his hands on the head of every confirmant with the words: "Protect, Lord, this slave of your heavenly grace, in order to be yours forever. Every day, more and more fulfill his holy spirit, until he comes to your everlasting kingdom. Amen".
The book of common prayers directly indicates that no one should be allowed for communion without episcopal confirmation. IN lately, especially after the assumption of Catholic. The church of unconfirmable children to the communion, the Church of England also allowed communion to confirm. But in practice it happens only in remote parishes, where it is almost no possibility to get to the bishop.
Marriage
By Anglican. The tradition recorded in the Book of General Prayers of 1662, the wishes to marry should be announced in advance. For several Sunday days priests declare the engagement and ask whether anyone knows that this marriage can not take place.
The marriage itself is performed on the canons on any day from 8 to 18 hours. Chin consists of a priest's introductory word, in K-ROM, it is said about the divine setting of marriage, the dignity of this state and its goals. After that, the priest asks the marriage to admit whether their marriage is K.L. Obstacles, and asks in turn of the bride and groom about their mutual desire to marry. Then the bride and groom, connecting the right hands, give a marriage vow. The priest utters a prayer by calling God to bless new coupleAs Isaac and Rebekka, and after prayer connects the hands of newlyweds with the words: "That God combined, a person does not separate," then solemnly declares their husband and wife. This follows the blessing: "God Father, God Son, God the Holy Spirit, bless, keeps and keep you ...", in the text almost coinciding with the Prayer Vost. worship. Then the psalms 128/127 and 67/66, "Our Father" and Respectors are read, are read. The priest utters several Prayers and a teaching consisting of New Testament texts about marriage. Immediately after marriage or in the near future, newlyweds must come.
Chin visiting patients
Chin visiting patients also contains prayers about a sick child, a deadly patient, about dying and mentally ill. To the rank of visits to patients can join the chin of the communion of patients. He is a liturgy committed in the patient's house. Despite the fact that the Chin Liturgy Books of General Prayers of 1662 prescribes to consume the remaining gifts immediately after the liturgy, in the present. Time is common communion of patients with spare gifts. In the Scottish episcopal church, the practice of the workpiece of spare gifts has never disappeared, being fixed in liturgical books.
Burial
The priest in full pleasure meets the coffin with the body of the deceased at the gate of the church. The coffin is placed in the middle of the church, and the rank of funeral begins, which consists of 1 or 2 psalms (39 and 90), reading from NZ (1 Cor 15), several. Prayers and collectors about the mustache.
Church Adm. device
In the present Time A.S. has OK. 26 million members. The head of her is the ruling monarch, which appoints an agreement with the Prime Minister of Archbishop (2 people), bishops (108 people), abbots of cathedrals (42 people). It is geographically in jurisdiction of A. Ts. Includes: England, O, Meng, Islands, located within the strait of La Mans, Silly, part of Wales, Diocezes, which includes all European countries, as well as Morocco, Turkey and some territory formerities. THE USSR. The Church of England is divided into 2 provinces: southern. He heads the Archbishop of Canterbury, Sev.- Arpipe. York. The composition of North. The provinces include 14 dioceses, southern. There are 40 dioceses. Diocenes consist of 13 thousand parishes in England and 260 Europe. Congregations.
Anglican. The bishops are spiritual Lords of the Kingdom, since both archbishop and 24 bishop are part of the upper chamber of parliament. Decisions taken by A.C., enter into force only after their ratification by the Special Parliamentary Commission. The General Synod of the Church of England preliminarily solves issues (challenits, financial, church, etc.), then requiring approval by Parliament. 574 of his member is elected for 5 years from clerics and laity and conduct meetings at least 2 times a year in York or London. In 1998, the Archbishop Council (Archbishop "s Council) from 19 members was established to coordinate, popularize and promoting the mission of England. Its decisions also come to the General Synod, which has the right to reject them.
The internal self-government of diceses is carried out with the help of synodes consisting of clerics led by the ruling bishop and laity. The synods of the diceses are elected by the synods of the decancing (the intermediate stage between the dice - and the arrival, which exists is uncommon). The synods of decanses are formed from members of the parish councils, which are the lowest link of the diostez self-government. At the head of the Parish Council, a priest is usually referred to as a vicarium or a rector, the Council also includes an older and members of the parish. The main task of the parish council is to solve internal problems.
Property and Finance of the Church of England
In 1704, the revival of church ownership began with t. "Dara Queen Anna" (1702-1714), complaining to the Church, the subsidy "to maintain poor clergy." With nach XIX century The Church of England began to receive permanent states. Subsidies (1809), the spending of the second was controlled by parliament. Since 1936, the church tire has been abolished (see Tin Church), and therefore the parliament of England paid a lump sum compensation of 70 million pounds. State Organization of church Commissioners in England (The Church Commissioners for England) controls finance and church. Property A.S. The main part of the income of the church is donations. In 1998, 42 Cathedral and 16 thousand churches were in the property of the Church of England, of which 13 thousand are considered architectural and historical monuments. Over the past 10 years, 131 new temple was built. In the jurisdiction of the church are approx. 5 thousand schools.
Church hierarchy
The storage of the bishopath and the 3-power hierarchy of the clergy is the fundamental principle of the device A. C., which distinguishes it from Dr. Protestant. Churches. A. C. insists that during the reformation of the XVI century. She retained the apostolic succession, since the hierarchs of the Church of Genthrich VIII were ordained in accordance with Catholic. Tradition. On this issue, a long controversy was conducted with Rome, who denied the historical Apostolic Premium of Anglican. Cleary on the grounds that Matthew Parker, 1st archive. A.S. after the restoration of her Elizabeth I, was ordained by the bishops deprived of the department during the counterformation period. During the controversy, Anglican. The clergy appeared as an arbitration judge to the ROC (see British-Orthodox Communications), K-Paradise, however, did not recognize the canonity of the Anglican. hierarchy. Mitigating the position of Rome in this matter happened after the Vatican II Cathedral. Characteristically, the desire of A.S. to rely on the authority of Starokatolich. Churches, whose bishops are invited to participate in dedication to San Anglican. Bishops to convey the T. N. "Improved succession."
Despite the fact that A. C. does not consider the ordination of the sacrament, the cost of initiation (CONSECRATION) is attached great importance, since unlike other Protestant. Churches A.S. does not recognize the presbyters elected for a limited term directly from the laity. She takes the thesis on the Specific Department (Mission) of the clergy. The order of dedication to San and the responsibilities of the spiritual persons are established in a separate arch - "Ordinal", attached to the book of common prayers. According to the state. Legislation (SR 28, 29 Vict. C. 122), Each England dedicated to San must express agreement with the "thirty nine articles" in writing, a book of common prayers, bring the oath of loyalty to the monarch as the head of the Church and canonical obedience to the bishop.
Diakons become aged 23 years old and continue to serve about a year. Diacon's dedication is made by one bishop, assigning hands on him when reading the formula: "We accept the power to perform the ministry of Diacon in the Church of God, who are engaged in you; In the name of the Father and Son and St. Spirit. Then the presentation of the Gospel, accompanied by the words: "We receive the power to read the Gospel in the Church of God and preach it if it is allowed by the bishop." Their functions: assistance to the presbyter during the service, teaching the Eucharistic gifts, reading in the Church of Holy. Scriptures and Homilius, the Baptism of Children in the absence of a presbyte, pronouncement with the permission of bishop sermons, teaching children Catechism, visiting patients, organization of charity. Deonon is not allowed to make the sacrament of the Eucharist and teach the blessing. The archidacons are endowed with the bishop of special powers related to the supervision of the observance of the clergy of church discipline and with the visit of the churches.
Dedication to presbyters is performed by the candidate of 24 years. His responsibilities are in the instruction of the flock, the commission of morning and evening worship, sacraments, preaching the bias. Scriptures, visiting patients, resolving. The ordinations are preceded by the Archidacon Runler for the dedicated, public issues about the obstacles to the dedication, the solemn liturgy, the reading of the Apostle and the Gospel, the oath of the ruling monarch, the answers to the Issues of the Bishop about his vocation and unshakable faith. Then follow the anthem "Priyida, the Holy Spirit" and prayer for giving grace. Dedication is made by one bishop, imposing hands on the head of dedicated to the words: "We accept the Holy Spirit for the fulfillment of the service and duties of the priest in the Church of God, now reporting to the imposition of our hands. To whom you let go of sins, they will let them go, who will not let go - will not be released. And be a faithful teacher (Dispenser) of the Words of God and His Holy Sains; In the name of the Father and Son and St. Spirit. The presbyter is awarded the Bible as a symbol of his position, however, in the rest of A. C. refused to be common in Roman Catholic. TRADITIO INSTRUMENTORUM Practice Church (lat.- transmission of tools, i.e., the presentation of the new-resistant symbols of its Sana) - from 1552. The priest does not transmit such attributes such as disk and pacery. Chinocution is completed by communion and concluding prayers.
Dedication to the bishop in A.S. is committed upon reaching a candidate for 30 years. Its obligations include the instruction of believers, the preaching, the ordination of presbyters and deacons, the appointment of Vicar priests, the commission of confirmation, excommunication from church communication, the appointment of punishment by Clerying, deprivation of their Sana, the visiting of the diocese once every 3 years, the consecration of churches.
Dedication to the bishop is performed at least 2 bishops and one Archbishop of A.S. Chinostreching almost completely coincides with the order of initiation of the presbyter, including solemn liturgy, issues of the presiding bishop of the faith and calling the candidate, the appeal of St. Spirit. Ends the rite of liturgy committed by all present bishops. They lay hands on the dedicated when reading the formula: "Accept the Holy Spirit for the fulfillment of the service and duties of the bishop in the Church of God, now reporting to you by the imposition of our hands; In the name of the Father and Son and St. Spirit. It is awarded to him by the Bible (Middle Ages. The anointing ceremony of the world, putting on gloves, handing the rings and miter in A.S. Canceled in 1550). The initiation of the bishop should be imposed on his Cathedral.
Bishops of the Church of England receive their positions as a result of a special procedure that combines elements of appointment and election. The exceptional right to appoint archbishopov, bishops and reins of the cathedrals belongs to the ruling monarch (legally enshrined "act on the appointment of bishops" 1533). The influence of the state on the affairs of the Church is expressed in the fact that the selection of candidates for vacancies of Episcopal departments is carried out by the Prime Minister (regardless of whether he owns to the Church of England) and its special secretary. After consulting with a wide range of persons in the church and outside of her and allegations of candidacy, the name of the candidate is reported in a special patent letter, a bonded state. Printing, Archbishop of the province, expressing his consent and transmitting it to the appropriate cathedral, where the chapter elects the candidate. The election is formal, since an alternative candidacy is not extended, and the failure to recognize the choice of the monarch is impossible. In the 60s. The desire of the clergy and the laity to raise the role of church self-government led to some transformations that did not change, however, the very appointment system of bishops: special committees on vacant departments arose in the diocenes, and in the Archbishops - secretaries from the Mijan, who actively participate in the discussion of the candidacy. Bishop and informing it about the needs of the diocene.
The close relationship of the bishopath with the state-B is expressed in the fact that the hierarchs of A.S. are sitting in the upper chamber of parliament, but according to political tradition, it is not a clergy as an estate (this function belongs to conservations), and personally itself as "the spiritual lords of the Kingdom."
When appointed to the post of priests in England, medieval continues to operate. Tradition - In many cases, the priest is highlighted by the cartridges, there may be a monarch (controlling several vehicles in this capacity. Sot of parishes), government ministers, authoritative representatives of the local aristocracy, as well as corporations - Un-You and Cathedrals. The scale of the patronage was limited in 1968 (The Pastoral Measure), but attempted the general synod to finally abolish this system in 1975 was rejected by Parliament.
A.C. Allows to marry to the clerics of all 3 degrees both before the ordination and after it: "Bishops, presbyters and deacons, the law of God does not allow themselves to lean themselves for loneliness or refrain from married life, therefore legally and they, like all other Christians , marry to their own behaient, as soon as they recognize such life (i.e., married) more favorable for their moral succeeding "(Art. 32).
Recently, the Church of England also admits the ordination of women. Since 1977, they are dedicated to Deacon, since 1990 - in the presbyters. This decision caused an ambiguous response in the Church of England and in the Anglican Commonwealth, and therefore in resolutions of the XIII Conference (1998) it explains that those who approve the ordination of women, and those who do not accept it are true British (III. 2, 4).
As of 1998, A. Ts. There are 12,975 clerics (of which 2 Archbishop, 110 bishops, 117 Archdianson, 164 rector of Cathedrals, 7471 Vicaria, 1661 Deacon, 1522 Capellan, 1930 priests who do not have church salary), 1702 From the re-Women (1 archicalacon, 11 reels of Cathedrals, 426 Vicaris, 433 Diacon, 233 Capellan, 598 priests that have no church salary).
Relig. Community
Since the foundation in the Epoch of Reformation A.S. did not recognize monasses, but his revival began in Ser. XIX century Under the influence of Oxford movement, one of the leaders of the K-Rogo, E. Piji, contributed to the grounds in London in 1845. 1st wives. Monastic community community sisters St. Cross (Sisterhood of the Holy Cross). In con. XIX - NCH. Xx in. There was a lot of wives. Relig. associations (about St. Trinity, the Commonwealth of St. Virgin Mary, the Commonwealth of St. John the Evangelist, Ob. Margarita, Sisters of the Church, the Order of St. Paraklit et al.), Their members combined prayer with active activities in the world: teaching, care for children, sisters of mercy, etc. Deposit of these organizing organizations was based in the United States and other countries of the Anglican Commonwealth. At the same time in the twentieth century. The trend intensified to the foundation of closed wives. Mon-Rey.
1st husband. Relig. Brotherhood, about St. John the Evangelist, originated in 1866 in Oxford. Among the many of these orgs, the most authoritative are the community of resurrection of the Lord, or the Mirphield Fathers (Community of the Resurrection, 1892; Mirphield, Yorkshire) and OB. Missions, or Kelem Fathers (The Society of The Sacred Mission, 1894; Kelm, Nottinghamshire). In 1998, in the UK operated OK. 100 wives. and husband. Relig. associations.
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L., 1950-1954; STROMBERG R. N. Religious Liberalism in Eightenth Century England. Oxf., 1954; Every g. THE HIGH CHURCH PARTY, 1688-1718. L., 1956; Mayfield g. The Church of England: Its Members and Its Business. L., 1958; Wilkinson j. 1662 And After: Three Centuries of English Non-Conformity. L., 1962; Davies r. E. Methodism. L., 1963; Dickens a. G. The English reformation. L., 1964; Best G. F. Temporal Pillars: Queen Anne "S Bounty: Ecclesiastical Commissioners and Church of England. Camb., 1964; Fairweather E. R. The Oxford Movement. NY, 1964; Ferris P. The Church of England. L., 1964; Collinson p. The Elizabethan Puritan Movement. L., 1967; Bolam c. G., Goring J., Short H. l., Thomas r. The English Presbyterians. L., 1968; Church R. The Oxford Movement: Twelve Years, 1833- 1845. Chicago; L., 1970; Lehmberg s. The Reformation Parliament, 1529-1536. Stanford; Camb., 1970; Elton g. R. Policy and Police: The Enforcement of the reformation. Camb., 1972; Vaish I. Religion and church in England. M., 1976; Cragg g. R. The Church and The Age of Reason. HarmondSworth, 1976; Elton g. R. reform and reformation: England, 1509-1558. L., 1977; Watts M . R. The Dissenters: From Reformation to the French Revolution. Oxf., 1978; Lake P. Moderate Puritans and The Elizabethan Church. Camb., 1982; Collinson p. Godly People. L., 1983; Lake p., Dowling m. Protestantism and. the National CHURCH IN SIXTEENTH CENTURY ENGLAND. L., 1987; Tyacke N. Anti-Calvinists: The Rise of English ARMINIANISM, 1590-1640. OXF., 1987; Macculloch d. The Later Reformation, 1547-1603. N. Y., 1990; Grell o. P., Israel J. I., Tyacke N. From Persecution to Toleration: The Glorious Revolution and Religion in England. OXF., 1991; Duffy E. The Stripping of The Altars: Traditional Religion in England, 1400-1580. L., 1992; Haigh c. English Reformations: Religion, Politics and Society Under the Tudors. OXF., 1993; The Impact of the English reformation / ed. Marshall. L.; N. Y., 1997.
O. V. Dmitriev, A. V. Tretyakov, V. V. Chernov
The Anglican Church, the British Church since the approval of the Reformation. Church transformations in England and at the very beginning and in their subsequent flow had important features. Island life wasolation affected himself strongly and here, as well as on political Development countries. Reformation in England, as elsewhere, sought to overthrow the oppression of medieval Catholicism. This oppression manifested itself not only in religious life, but also in other areas. The pressure of the Church was experiencing and civil life in general, and economic and cultural in particular. The English crown began to quarrel with the papacy very early. It is enough to remember the collisions of Heinrich I with Anselm, Heinrich II with the Foma Becket, John the landless with Innochentius III to understand the entire severity of the relationship between the leaders of Catholicism and the states of England already at 12 V. Clarendon regulations (1164) show clearly what British kings achieved and what they did not want to give up dads. The efforts of the Royal Power first did not succeed, in this struggle it is 12 V. There was almost alone. The process of merging the defeated Anglo-Saxons and the winners of Normanov has not yet ended, and this deprived the nation support crown. But already 13 in. Gives other results. Instead of Anglo-Saxons and Normanov, there is a single English nation on stage. Already at Herrhea III (1216-72), this nation has time to quit several terrible cautions at Rome. In the forefronts of the protesters, the clergy will be held at this time: it declares that foreigners sent by the English benefius sent by dad receive income more than the crown. Barons and communities are trying to protect the country from foreign exploitation. Under Eduard I (1272-1307), these efforts become very energetic. The country is now first deciding not to pay a shameful tribute to 1000 grades and declares that papal oppression can in any case should be tolerant. The greatest strength opposition reaches Eduard III (1327-77) in the half-century Board), during the century of war. Pope live in Avignon, in the sphere of influence of the deadly enemy of England, and make it more about his interests. They suck out a lot of money from the country, dispose of English church posts and name to their court of the British. The country unanimously expresses its indignation in the mass of wonderful statutes. Mighting support for the king now gives parliament. From 15 c. energy weakens; Irritation becomes weaker. But all? The damned statutes "survived despite the efforts of the dads to achieve their cancellation and give ready-made charters to justify the last strike with the papacy. On this side, the Reformation in England was prepared excellent and only at an insignificant degree tried the process of gap with Rome.
As for the clergy, sometimes it still trembled a voice against Roman Vladyk; But these were relatively rare outbreaks, which were based on excessive pains of dads who sometimes demanded half of the income of their subordinates. In general, for the clergy, the dependence on distant and harmless Rome was preferable to the care of secular power and laity. Moreover, in the highest clergy layer there were many persons sent from abroad. Hierarchy with all his interests with dad. But the closer the clergy stood to Rome, the further it was defended from his flock. The dislike of the flock was eaten by the spectacle of the shepherd life of the shepherd. Wealth and privileges raised licenses. Especially rushed into the monks. At the Cathedral of 1437, there were accusations in the capital's clergy that it was having fun falcant and the dog hunting, walking along the taverns. On the eve of the reformation, the nobles of one county complained that the clergy would beat off their wives and daughters. For the money, priests received the right to openly contain concubines. In the monasteries it was even worse. Some of them represented the semblance of public houses. Mood at 16 V. It was such that supporters of transformations could do with the clergy all that it seemed necessary to them, without any interference from society.
For the Reformation, however, all this was not enough. It was not enough to resent the behavior of hierarchies and monastics, to restore against unworthy use of church wealth. It was necessary to find new principles and oppose the obsolete forms of church life, others from those started. It was necessary, in one word, a new theology. On this side, the case in England was weak. In essence, it is impossible to indicate almost nothing but the case of weekef (1324-84) and Lollarrad, up to 16 V. The work of the weekef coincides with the most lively point of the century of war and with the Avignon captivity (1305-77) of the Dad. Pope in England was considered an instrument in the hands of the French enemies. Hence the excitement against them, causing the combat statutes of the Board of Eduard III. Weekell acts under the pressure of this general excitation. At first he says, like everyone else: deceives the papacy and its system and only. But the practical attacks of a church-political nature soon brought him to the path of new theological constructions. He rejects the default papacy, because he does not consider Peter Prince of Apostles. Dad is a man of sin (2 fairy. 2: 3); The worship of it is Detestanda Idololatria (disgusting idolatry). Monasticism is an insult of Christianity; It seems to show that the doctrine of Christ is not enough and imperfect. Wicklife puts the question of the reform of the church in all areas. He consistently agrees before recognizing that St. Scripture is the only source of religious knowledge: Oinnis Veritas Est in Scriptura Vel Implicite Vel Explicite [all truth is clearly or glued in Scripture]. Hence his main job Bible translation on english. To carry out their ideas in life, he created the Order of the persons named after him? Poor priests, and sent them to call people to good deeds. These preachers were subordinated only by the velves of their own zeal and beliefs. They did not have a certain location. Universal movement against the papacy that helped France gave them freedom of action. Circumstances, however, soon have developed differently. Lollardes quickly emancipated from all controls and the main mass of their listeners were among the oppressed peasantry. The sharpness of the language, contempt for authority and the protection of equality soon became their distinctive features. They turned out to be mixed in the famous peasant uprising under the leadership of Lysot Tyler. It compromised them in the eyes of the government and the breeding classes. In addition, the cessation of a century of war and the improvement of relations with Rome has paid off at the top grades and made the work of Lollands unpopular.
The liberation church ideas were joined in England only in 16 century, in the era of Luther, from the continent. But they did not have time to produce fire here. Folk masses needed to teach a lot and from a lot to teach on top. This affected the subsequent history of A. C. It is full of turns and changes, tides and lowers. It is extremely characteristic of the position of the first king-reformer of Heinrich VIII (1509-47). With the energetic support of the nation, Heinrich overthrew the power of the Pope, but at the same time keeps the old religious position, it remains to the end of the good Catholic and even half alarms with Luther. From 1527 it begins about the divorce of Heinrich with Katharina and about marrying Anna Boleyn. Dad in this matter was to be considered with the threats of Charles V, a relative of Katharina. Disgracefulness of Pope annoys the king. Cooling between the crown and Rome unleashes the hands of the opponents of the dad in the country. The king and the nation go to the rupture together and at the same time. Participants of these events did not suspect the nearest results, which gave the reformation. They tried to free themselves only from personally severe manifestations of papal authorities. But to destroy these manifestations, they inevitably had to draft the most principles on which the papal power was resting, and to create forms of life that not only replaced the overthrown earthly yoke of the papacy, but those who displaced his spiritual authority.
The first attempts were timid; But they already predicted the upcoming destruction. They were aimed at curbing the abuses in the court area and against shavers. In 1530, it was forbidden to acquire the Charter in Rome, which caused damage to jurisdiction and royal prerogatives in England. The statute of next year rejected the importance of interdictic. Parliament 1532-33 expresses the same in decisive form. But, humming dad, it was impossible not to touch the clergy. In May 1532, the king is in hand Instrumentum Super Submissionem Cleri [Act, aimed at submission of the clergy]. The clergy undertakes not to be collected in conclusion without the will of the king and, by gathering, do not decide anything objectionable crown. All decisions of previous conservations were subject to revision and offensive to the king cancellation. March 23, 1534 Dad excused herin from the Church; On March 30, the king approved the Statute that destroyed the influence of the Pope for the appointment of archbishops and bishops. On November 3 of the same year, the parliament proclaimed the Suprematius of the King as? The only Supreme Head of the English Church. In 1535, Thomas Cromwell is appointed by Vicarius Generalis in Ecclesiasticis [General Vicar In Church Affairs]. At the same time, the struggle and with the tax oppression of Rome. The statutory of the 23rd of the reign (1531-32) cancels the annaws of large amounts paid by the neglected prelas. These amounts were often mined by loan and in the event of the death of the bishop lay the burden on his lenders. The statute of the 25th year (1533-34) destroyed any payments in Rome in general. The denial of the papal authorities inevitably switched to the theory. In 1534, the University decided that St. Scripture does not give the Roman bishop of any higher power over England. The worship of AB Episcopi Romani Fyrannyde et detestandis enormitatibus begins for the divine service. Appeals in Rome were canceled. Cases on all instances were to be resolved at home: they came from the Archdiakon to the court of Episcopsky, and hence the decision of the Archbishopsky court. The replacement of higher church posts goes to the king. He also receives annada and tithing.
Finally, began for monasteries. Here, a special jealousy and art showed Cromwell the general vicar of the king on church affairs. In 1535, a revision of visiting church institutions began. The auditors were awarded an instruction containing 86 questions, and was given a secret order to inclust the small monasteries to voluntarily transfer their own ownership. In case of refusal, the monasteries threatened exposure and legend to the court. Some monasteries gave way. In February 1536, the report of the auditors was read in parliament. He caused the click "Down of the Monks| and Bill on the destruction of small monasteries. All the movement of them and jewelry went to the disposal of the crown. About 400 monasteries were destroyed. About 10 thousand monks left their walls. Then the turn to the monasteries of large. In 1538 and 1539 They surrendered to voluntarily, understanding the aimlessness of resistance. The monasticism was the main support of the papacy in the country. It is zealous in favor of Rome, it has bought secured life and weak supervision. Compromised during the visits, it fascinated and papal authority in its fall.
But as far as the king and the country in Henrich VIII fought energetically with the pappy power, they were so indecisive in matters of dogma and rite. Attempts by German Protestants to attract Heinrich to their side were in vain. In 1538, in front of Protestant scientists, she protects the celibacy, communion under one type, etc. However, it was difficult to protect the country from religious disputes at the time of general fermentation. Passion from the continent was transferred to England. The result of the collision of new ideas with religious cosnosis of the people here was here the first religious formula, which was found expression in the so-called. Ten members of the Faith of 1536. This is a mixture of catholicism and Protestantism. The compilers are trying to withstand the middle way. They recognize the Bible to the source of Christian consension, but along with it allow the authority of three characters and the first four universal cathedrals. They only mention about three sacraments, eliminate abuses in icon-compliment, but do not reject the worship of icons, recognize the post, the prayer for the deceased, honoring the saints, they say that bread and wine the essence of the true body and the blood of Christ. In 1537 there appears? The instruction of a Christian, nicknamed? The Episcopian Book|. About many subjects it speaks more details, but its main tone is the same as ten members. In 1539 it is accepted? Bloody statutory, in six members affecting controversial issues and allowing them in a brief, power form. It says that in the Eucharist is present, under the guise of bread and wine, body and blood of the Savior, that the communion under both species is not necessary that the priests should be celibric and other. This turn to Catholicism. Another attempt was made to achieve unity. In 1543, was made public? The doctrine necessary for every Christian, called the name? Royal book|. In some respects, this book returns to moderate views? Book of Episcopes®, but sometimes takes a step towards Catholicism, for example. Resolutely tolerance. In these oscillations, it is impossible to see only the reflection of personal indecision and inconsistency of the king. Henry, obviously, had to be taped between two strong warring parties. The uprising raised by Catholics in 1534 in the north of England was a very convincing argument against hasty religious innovations. It was suppressed and flooded with blood, but the impression of him was impressive. On the other hand, the indecision of the government restored consistent Protestants against him.
Heinrich came down from the scene, leaving cases in an indefinite position. All the old authorities were broken, and institutions and views collapsed with them. The son of Henry Eduard VI (1547-53) energetically move forward the transformation of dogmatic and worship. The Duke of Somerset who led by the Young King of the Duke of Somerset was discharged in 1547 the outstanding Protestant theologians Martin Buzer and Peter Martyr to protect and disseminate the ideas of the Reformation. With their help, they were finally formulated all changes in dogmas and rites, completing the reformation. In 1549, was released? The Book of Public Services| (? Book of Common Prayer|). This? The book| revised in 1552, 1559, 1662 and 1872, and now in A. C. The servant in which the dogma is introduced. The appearance? Books| did not stop the disputes: dogmatic issues are stated in it not clearly and definitely, it is most likely to be resolved than solved. The systematic presentation of the views of the reformed church was 42 members of Articuli in 1552. Here is the content of some of them. The doctrine of St. Scripture is enough to save. Three Symbols Nicene, Afanasiyev and Apostolic should be recognized because they can be proved in all their content from St. Scripture. The doctrine of ultra-voltage deeds is wicked. Ecumenical cathedrals can burn and buried. The sacraments are mentioned only the most important: the baptism and the lord of the Lord. Loosening cannot be proven from St. Scripture. The sacrifices of Mass, in which the priests bring Christ sacrificing for the living and the dead, the essence of Basni. Bishops, presbyters and deacons are not obliged to be celibric. The basis of these members is the Augsburg confession.
Disclosure? Book of Common Prayer| and 42 members caused a strong Catholic opposition in the country that led to the uprising. The reform had to introduce weapons. The conversion went too fast so that the people could have time for them. Hence the possibility of the Board of Mary, the daughter of Heinrich from the offended catharina. Maria (1553-58), relying on significant Catholic forces in the country, decided to return England to Catholicism. In 1554, the papal legate arrived there. From 1555 to 1558, bloody repressions against Protestants were shone. In 1556 burned to the companion of Henry Kramer. But persecution did not lead to the celebration of Catholicism: on the contrary, they rallied the reformers and forced them to consciously join the confession of 42 members. Elizabeth (1558-1603) chose the middle path between the aspirations of extreme protestants and the harassment of Catholics. Revised? Book of Common Prayer| was introduced by an act of uniformity in July 1559. They were then subjected to revision of 42 members and approved by Parliament in 1571 in the form of 39 members. A peculiar alloy of Catholicism, Lutherancy and Calvinism was formed. Very clear here are also expressed ideas of anticatolic denial of papacy, pricing, monasses, reverence of relics, icons, etc. Everything else is deliberately clothed in such a form that could not cause decisive attacks by fighting parties. Compilers of 39 members pursued one goal to achieve the church world and introduced everything that could satisfy the majority with its often contradictory requests.
In the 17th century The English reformation goes into a revolution, and Protestantism receives a final prevalence in the country. In the affairs of the church king was an autocratic lord. Meanwhile, in the field of secular control, it was limited to parliament. Hence the desire of the kings to manage the state just as they ruled the church. This desire was supported by the highest clergy. Previously, it, leaning on dad, became vigorously with the claims of kings. Now the bishops, having done the royal officials, their usual attitude towards the dad was transferred to the king and began to preach the theories that went wrong with constitutional reality. In Jacob I (1603-25) and Carl I (1625-49) we see endless proscribe between the crown and the parliament on tax issues. The nation holds the wallet tightly tied. And the main reason for this failure to increase the return movement in the church region. Catholicism as the domination of Pope was minimized in England easily and irrevocably. But Catholicism in the sense of habits to decorated temples, majestic altars, lush velides and humble knees was alive. The resurrection of rites acting on believers was now the main occupation of the bishops. Meanwhile, rites church essence Symbols; The restoration of them caused the idea of \u200b\u200bthe restoration of Catholics in the people. Moreover, the real Catholics in Carl I used all sorts of relaxation contrary to the demand of people's representatives. The king published a declaration in which he stated that his debt was not allowed to be initiated unnecessary issues that could only support the Trouble in the Church and in the state. Archbishop Canterbury Load without sending laws against dissidents and introduced a complete uniformity of church rites and statutes.
Without meeting the appropriate essay, although Parliament and worried, the king and archbishop conceived the same system to transfer to Scotland, where the system of the church was presbyterian and democratic. Karl I and Loud attempt to introduce a real episcopal church in Scotland caused an armed uprising. The English Parliament, convened after a 11-year-old break in 1640, instead of helping the king presented him a number of charges. Ombratic, he gave way to the long parliament, which became the gun of the struggle against absolutism and bishopalism. Calvinism and protection of the rights of the People's Representative Office merged together. The conditions for conducting the Reformation on the island required Protestantism of a special kind, which, neglecting creating, is limited to action, subordinates human life with strict moral discipline, encourages the soul on continuous struggle, prescribes abstinence, brings up moralists, workers and citizens. Puritans, Independents and other branches of Protestantism united the idea of \u200b\u200bthe kingdom of saints; Dogmatic disagreements moved to the background and most importantly attached to harsh moral requirements. With such masses, the parliament was powerless to cope. The spiritual leader Cromwell becomes the state of the state. Cromwell's business collapsed at the time of his death, but left great results: freedom of conscience became in England a strong heritage of the masses; With some restrictions, it was enshrined by law (1689).
With the entry into the throne of Wilhelm III (16881702), Puritan and Independents become peaceful; Their remnants turn into calm and loyal offers. The Anglican Episcopal Church again returns a dominant position. But the sphere of its influence is gradually narrowing. In May 1689, the act of tolerance established that the dischangers, who granted a promise to obey the king, cannot be more subject to punishments established in Elizabeth (1592). The benefits granted to the discs consisted of release them from the episcopal system and in providing them with the right to install worship and organize in their will. In religious views, they were associated with the symbolic books of the dominant church. They were also required to pay all fees in favor of the dominant church and execute free parish positions, or through deputies. For this they enjoyed the right to demand from the clergy of the commission of such acts as baptism, burial, wedding. This gave A. c. Type of unity. Along with this, the dissenters were deprived of the right to enter into parliament, borrow state and public posts, enter universities, etc. Yes, and with such restrictions, we used first only Classian, Independents, Baptists, Quakers. At Catholics, tolerance did not apply. Significant blow by A.S. An act of 1707, who united England and Scotland in the Unified in Scotland, the Presbyterian church became the dominant, and the Church of the Episcopal only tolerate. In 1779, further concessions were made to the disc. Instead of signature, under 39 members from their clergy, they began to demand an application before the global judge, that they are Christians, Protestants, recognize the St. Scripture of the Old and New Testament on Correct and accept him as a rule of faith. They were also granted the right to open their schools. In 1791, the departure of the Catholics worship was permitted. Tolerance, therefore, was distributed to all nonconformists. Finally, in 1828 and 1829, Protestants and Catholics were admitted to public service, and from the first one was required to do not blame the damage to the dominant church and its clergy, and from the second loyal oath with the promise to protect the crown, the face and San King, to maintain the throne of the Hannover house and in his confession to prevent that the sovereign daddy could Be deprived a throne. In 1836 and 1837, important acts affecting family life Discovers. Cities and communities were divided into districts with special officials who were engaged in the registration of births, marriages and deaths among the ancens. A legitimate wedding could be performed in the premises, which during the year were intended for worship and were registered; It was necessary only that the bride or bride live in the district at least 8 days. Civil marriages enclosed in the apartment of the registrar official were also recognized. Previously, the dissenters were to be marred to baptize their children in the dominant church to get the right to record in metric books; Now in this relationship they became free. In 1868, the dischangers were exempt from tax in favor of A. C. Finally, in 1871 universities were opened and canceled the requirement to sign 39 members. [...]
Already from the end of the 17th century. In English, the churches were marked: High Church, Low Church and Wide Broad Church. Highcakers are a Protestant church aristocracy, emphasizing the typical features of the English: the state character of the Church, the Suprematius of the Crown, the privileges of the members of the Church compared to the discs, bishopalism and the connection with the medieval and ancient church in worship and organization. This is an Anglicism in its own, initial sense of the word. At the time of his speech at the end of the 17th century. The High Chamber Party could not even finally be free from politics. Highlycerkov workers entered the ranks of the Tori conservatives as supporters of the authority and the rights of the crown and church. Low churches from the end of the 17th century. Verbed in those rows that were filled with puritans at stuarts. Noticeable outlines of the party were made because in politics she merged with Vigami. Low-church workers were part of the dominant church, recognized its institutions, but did not attach it to them that would exclude other branches of Protestantism. They demanded equality for the ancents and were prone to see the only source of Christianity in the Bible. As the exclusive privileges of the episcopal church were reduced, and the position of the dissenters improved, the outlines of Low Church were smoothed. It decreased numerically and from the second quarter of 19 century. It was noticeably dissolved in the Broad Church Party widescurrent party, the beginning of which goes back to the appearance of high and low-churches. Initially, this party was represented by Latitudanism (Latitudtnarisinus). Its ancestor can be called the bishop brave (Burnet; end 17 century). The role of Lattianism is conciliatory; His point of view is distinguished by the latter, reaching it, until Indifferentism. [...]
In its system, A. c. is a bishopal. At the head of her two Archbishop of Canterbury, Primas England, and York, and 32 bishops. [...]. Formally, they are elected by the clergy, but in reality the appointment of them on the pulpit is in the hands of the crown, i.e. ministries. From the outside, the position of the Anglican Hierarchy leaves much to be desired. Primas Canterbury's first Lord of the Kingdom. The Upper Chamber also includes the Archbishop of York and 24 Bishop. [...] In the position of the lowest clergy of England, a lot of characteristic residues of the Middle Ages have been preserved. Priests wear names: RECTOR, VICAR, INCUMBENT. RECTOR ECCLESIAE The priest is called when he receives income and tenth on its own. But since in the Middle Ages, parish places often depended or from monasteries or from individuals, then they were the rectors of parish; The priest sent his duties at the position of Vicarius for part of the income. The right of patronage belongs to many bishops, corporations, separate laity. It is subject to hereditary transmission and alienation. [...] If the cartridge does not care about replacing the vacancy for 6 months, then the right to appoints to the bishop. If the bishop refuses to admit the candidate represented, the patron transfers to the Metropolitan Provincial Court Arches Court. The clergy is usually recovering from persons with university education who completed the Godoslovsky College. It gives CLIRICs the opportunity to speak with the world in the world. Hence the closeness of them to the flock and influence. Diversified educated, they are able to enter into all the interests of the passas. It may be that that, in England, such facts are possible in England that the Bishop writes the best story of the British Constitution (classic work Stubbs "a), and the Prime Ministers exercise in theological experiments (the work of Gladstone about the papacy and the textbook of the main theology of Balfur).
Anglican Church one of the Protestant churches: her cult and organizational principles closer to the Catholic Church than others Protestant churches. A. c. He is the state church in England. Originated during the reformation (see Reformation) 16 V. (breaking the English king Henry VIII with papacy, secularization of monasteries, etc.) as the State National Church, headed by the king ("Act about Suprematia", 1534); Its creed and organizational forms were based on Catholic. Under Edward Vi T. Cranmer OM was composed of a "Book of Public Services" ("Common Prayer Book", 1549), which combined Protestant and Catholic elements in dogmatics and cult. When Elizaba Tudor in "39 articles" (1571), the creed was somewhat approximately close to Calvinism. A.z., Who has become an important support of absolutism, was abolished by the British bourgeois revolution of the 17th century; After restoration of Stuarts (1660) restored. Chapter A. C. is the king; In fact, he appoints bishops. Primas A. C. - Archbishop Canterbury, behind him in the hierarchy A. c. It follows the archbishop of York. A significant part of the bishops is members of the House of Lords. All principal church statutes are subject to the statement of parliament. The costs of the content of the Church are largely carried by the state. Higher hierarchy A. c. Closely related to the financial oligarchy and the land aristocracy of England. In A.z. There are 3 directions: High Church (High Church), closest to Catholicism; Low Church (Law Church), close to Puritanism and Pietism ;
The Wide Church (Broad Church) seeks to combine all Christian flows (dominant direction in A.z.). In addition to A. C. England, there are independent A. c. In Scotland, Wales, Ireland, USA, Canada, Australia and some other countries. The total number of Anglican about 30 million is formally separate A. c. One of the other does not depend on the other, but from 1867 to 10 years, Anglican bishops are collected at a conference in London (t. Lambeta conferences, by the name of the Lambeth Palace - the residence of the Archbishop of Canterbury), forming the Anglican Union of Churches. A. c. Participates in ecumenical movement (see Ecumenical Movement). LIT: Robertson A., Religion and Atheism in modern England, in the book: Yearbook of the Museum of History of Religion and Atheism, T. 4, M.-L., 1962; A History of the English Church, Ed. By W. R. W. Stephens and W. Hunt, V. 1-9, L., 1899 - 1910.
Great Soviet Encyclopedia. - M.: Soviet Encyclopedia. 1969-1978 .
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Anglican Church - Anglican Church, one of the Protestant churches; State church in England. Originated during the period of the reformation in the 16th century. The cult and organizational principles is close to Catholic. The church hierarchy is headed by the king. ... Illustrated Encyclopedic Dictionary
Protestantism Reformation of the doctrine of Protestantism Dore-deformation movements Waldens · Lollarda · Hussites Reform churches English · Anabaptism · ... Wikipedia
ANGLICAN CHURCH - [English. Anglican Church, Lat. Ecclesia Anglicana]: 1) commonly used church name of England (The Church of England), official. Protestant. Church of the UK; 2) In the expansion sense, the definition used to all churches historically ... ... Orthodox encyclopedia
Protestant church, which emerged in the XVI century; In the UK state. In the dogmatics of the Anglican Church, the provisions of Protestantism about the salvation of personal faith and Catholicism about the saving strength of the Church are combined. According to the cult and organizational ... ... encyclopedic Dictionary
Anglican Church - British / Naxian Tse / Robre, only units, the State Church in England, one of the Protestant churches that arose in the XVI century. During the reformation. Encyclopedic comment: on the cult and organizational principles of the Anglican Church stands closer to ... ... Popular Dictionary of the Russian Language
Church of England (Church of England) Morning Church of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Sev. Ireland; Established in 1662 in the rule of King Charles II. Formation of A.Ts. associated with the penetration of the ideas of the Reformation in England (in connection with this ... ... Catholic encyclopedia
- (ReFormed Church of England, Established Church, Anglican Church), Episcopal Church, State. Church in England, one of the Protestant churches; Her cult and organizational. Principles closer to Catholic. churches than dr. Protestant churches. ... ... Soviet historical encyclopedia
Books
- The Anglican Church and her attitude to Orthodoxy, Vasily Mikhailovsky. Reproduced in the author's original spelling. IN…
In a few centuries, before the start of protest movements in Europe, the reformists have already bludge the minds of the British Islands. The doctrine of the Roman Church in the Middle Ages was not only the implementation of the spiritual dictation over the population of Europe. Vatican actively interfered in a secular life sovereign states: Cardinals and bishops took part in the political games of monarchical dynasties, and excessive taxes in favor of the papal treasury caused discontent among nobility and ordinary people. For the implementation of the interests of Rome, the init secable clergy was prescribed, far from sympathizing with moral demands of local believers.
The development of the feudal economy required the revision of relations between secular power and the church. Along with socio-political and economic premises, problems of a charming nature arose. All the louder was helands that the Catholic Vera deviated from the apostolic traditions. All this led to the fact that in the XVI century, a new spiritual community was formed in the British Islands - the Anglican Church.
Heinrich VIII - Collapsemaster
There is such a term of Christian theologians. Revolutionary moods in the church environment ripen very often for different reasons: the painful ignorance of believers, political collisions ... Cramole thoughts are called temptation. But here is one who is decided to go to Rubikon and express common aspirations in real affairs. In Britain, this was done by the King Heinrich VIII. It was at the same time that the monarch began the history of the Anglican Church.
The reason was the desire of Henry to divorce with the first wife of Catherine Aragon and marry Anna Boleyn. Church divorce - Case scrupulous. But noble characters always went to meet. Catherine was a relative of Charles V. In order not to spoil relations with the German emperor, the Pope Clement VII is denied the English monarch.
Heinrich decides to break the connection with the Vatican. He rejected the canonical primacy of Rome over the Church of England, and the parliament fully supported his monarch. In 1532, the king of his decree prescribes the Foma Cranmer with the new Archbishop of Canterbury. First, the bishops were sent from Rome. By agreement, Tranmer frees the king from marriage. The following year, the Parliament adopts the "Act of Suprematia", proclaimed Henry and its receivers on the throne of the Supreme Head of the Church in England. So the branch of the English parishes from the Vatican was made. In the second half of the XVI century - during the Board of Mary Tordor, the zealous Catholic - the Catholic and Anglican Church formally connected for a short time.
Basics of the creed of the Anglican Church
Priesthood and clergy - non-identical concepts. One of the most important issues of all Christian denominations is the dogma of the church hierarchy. According to the canons, the shepherd is erected into the sacred san is not a whim of human, and the Holy Spirit through the special sacrament of ordination. Throughout the millennium, the continuity of each clergyman, which originates from the day of the Descent of the Holy Spirit on the Apostles. Many Protestant flows rejected the need for their shepherds to be priests.
The Anglican Church, in contrast to other reformists, has retained the continuity of the hierarchy. When erected into sacred degrees, a sacrament with a prayer call of the Holy Spirit is committed through the Bishopsk ordination. At the church cathedral in 1563 at the insistence of the Queen Elizabeth I was approved by the symbolic book of the Anglican Faith as part of 39 articles. She shifts eloquently, what features of the Anglican Church. The vigorious doctrine of Anglicanism is the syncretism of Catholicism and Protestant views of Lutherancy and Calvinism. Thirty-nine theses are formulated quite extensively and vaguely, allowing many interpretations.
Britain zealously retains its reformist. The canons require the clerics to publicly confess their loyalty to these articles. The British monarch, sworn at the coronation, focuses on his oath on Protestant dogmas. The text of the sacred oath contains the denying of faith in the fact that during the liturgy there is a bread and wine to the true body and the blood of Christ. Thus, the very essence of Christianity is not acceptable: the sacrifice of the Savior in the name of all those who believed in it. Also rejected by the worship of the Virgin Mary and Saints.
Dogmas Anglican
Anti-gram movements in society Christians of the British Islands did not lead to such radical consequences as on the mainland. Main canonical norms carry political and economic aspirations for the XVI century. The most important achievement is that the Anglican Church does not obey the Vatican. The chapter it is not a spiritual person, but the king. The Anglicism does not recognize the Institute of Monasticism and allows the path of salvation to the soul to the personal faith, without the help of the Church. At one time, it helped to support the KazNU King Henry VIII. The parishes and monasteries were deprived of property and abolished.
Sacraments
British recognize only three sacraments: baptism, communion and repentance. Although the Anglican community is reforming the reform and Protestant, the liturgical tradition allows you to read the icons and the magnificent vestments of the clergy. In the temples during worships, organ music is used.
Language of worship
In all corners of the world, Catholic worship is performed on Latin, regardless of the native language of the parishioners. In this, the main difference between the Catholic Church of the Anglican, where the Bible is translated into English, and services are held in their native language.
Three churches
In Anglicism, there are three kinds of internal flows. The so-called "low church" jealously complies with the conquest of the Reformation. "High" to restore some attributes of Catholicism: Worship of the Virgin Mary and Saints, the use of sacred images. Adherents of this flow are called anglocatolics. Both of these formations are combined within one community of the "wide church".
Supremati's act turned the church to the state structure
All world religions are sooner or later faced with the need to distinguish between powers with secular power. Ancient Israel was a theocratic state. Byzantium implemented the synergies of the church and the power of the emperor. And in Britain, the society of believers actually turned into one of the organs of the state system. This is despite the fact that England is a secular state.
The British monarch has the right to appoint the charter of the Church and Bishops. Candidates for approval for approval represents the Prime Minister. Archbishop Canterberian has no administrative power outside of England. Most of the episcopate are members of the House of Lords. Legally, the head of the Anglican Church - the ruling monarch, regardless of gender.
The act about Suprematia gives the king of complete jurisdiction over the church, which gives him the right to control the income and appoint clerics to church positions. In addition, the monarch has the right to solve dogmatic issues, inspect Diocesees (dioceses), eradicating heretical teachings and even make changes to the liturgical chin. True, in the entire history of the Anglication of such precedents was not.
If there is a need for canonical changes, then the Cathedral of the clergy is not entitled to do this independently. Such events should undergo a procedure for approval in government bodies. So, in 1927 and 1928, the UK parliament did not accept the new canonical collection proposed by the Cathedral of the clergy, in return for the relevance of the "Book of Public Prayers", published in 1662.
Device of the Anglican Church
The Anglican religion spread throughout the world in parallel to the British economic and political expansion. The total number of professing this faith, as of 2014, reaches 92 million people. Outside the British Islands, the community refers to the Episcopal Church.
Nowadays, the Anglicanism is a community of local churches, recognizing its spiritual leader of the Archbishop of Canterbury. In this aspect there is some analogy with the Roman Church. Each of the national communities is independent and independent in management, in the same way as in the Orthodox canonical tradition. Local churches, or provinces in Anglican 38, which includes more than 400 dioceses on all continents.
The Archbishop of Canonberian is not dominant (canonically or mystically) over other charters of the community, but he is the first to reward honors among himself. The difference between the Catholic Church from the Anglican one is that Pope is the Supreme Head of all Catholics, both in spiritual and administratively. The existence of local national communities is not acceptable.
To discuss the issues of church life, the Anglican clergy is periodically going at the conference at the Lambert Palace in London.
Female bishopat
Features of the Anglican Church are not exhausted by its legal status and challenge dogma. In the 60s of the last century, a feminist movement began. After decades, the struggle for the cessation of oppression in the social environment led not only to change the situation of a woman in society, but also to the deformations of the idea of \u200b\u200bGod. Protestantism contributed a lot. In religious views of the Pastor reformers - this is, first of all, social ministry. Gender differences cannot be a hindrance.
For the first time, the sacrament of the ordination of a woman in the presbyter was committed in one of the Anglican communities of China in 1944. In the early 70s of the 20th century, the US Episcopal Church officially approved the charifion of the weak gender. Gradually, these trends got to the metropolis. Changes in such views of society objectively demonstrate what the features of the Anglican Church in our time. In 1988, at the conference of Bishops in London, a resolution was adopted about the possibility of introducing in the Anglican Church of the Female Priesthood. Parliament this initiative was approved.
After that, the number of priests and bishops in skirts began to grow as on yeast. In a number of communities of the new light women shepherdiers more than 20 percent. The first lady-hierarch was applied in Canada. Then the relay picked up Australia. And now the last bastion of British conservatism collapsed. On November 20, 2013, the Synod of the Anglican Church with an overwhelming majority of votes legalized the ordination of women in the bishops. At the same time, the opinion of simple parishioners was not taken into account, which were expressed categorically against these innovations.
Woman priest - this nonsense
From the time of creating a world, religious rituals always sent men. All doctrines confess the immutability that the woman, according to the Creator's plan, should obey a man. It is the husbands, and that is not all, but only the elected, the secrets of the universe were reported and the veil of the future was opened. The religions of the world do not know examples so that the woman was an intermediary between God and people. This provision is especially important for Christian Bogo-Stocked Religion. The priest during worship represents Christ. In many confessions, except Catholic, it must be the appearance of the shepherd. The Savior was a man. The transcendental image of God is a male beginning.
There were many women who have committed significant exploits for the preaching of Christianity. After the execution of the Savior, when even the most devoted apostles felt, a woman had a woman. Maria Magdalina first found out about the resurrection of Jesus. Righteous Nina alone preached faith in the Caucasus. Women fulfilled an educational mission or were engaged in charity, but never committed worship services. Can not serve a weak floor and by virtue of its physiological features.
Not consistent
Although on dogmatic views, the Anglican Church closer to Protestantism than to Orthodoxy, nevertheless, for centuries, attempted both communion of believers to unite. The British confess the dogmas, quite consonant with Orthodoxy: for example, God's one in three faces, about the Son of God and others. British priests, as well as Orthodox, may be married, unlike Catholic.
In the 19th centuries, the Russian Orthodox Church discussed the recognition of the Anglican clergy on the basis of the recognition of the Apostolic Premium in the sacrament of ordination. In recent decades, Russian hierarchs have taken a permanent participation in Lambert conferences. Active theological dialogue was conducted, the purpose of which was the union with the Anglican Church.
However, the peculiarities of the Anglican Church, related to the introduction of women's presvircy and bishopric, further communication is impossible.
Four and a half centuries of the English community in Moscow
In 1553, Richard Changsellor, after an unsuccessful attempt to get to India through the Arctic seas, was in Moscow. At the audience at Ivan the Terrible, he achieved an agreement on concessions to the British merchants regarding trade in Muscovy. It was at his request that the first Anglican Church in Moscow was opened.
Three years later, Chanswiellor visited Rus again. The Chambers of the English courtyard were built on the barbart. Despite the fact that he, together with the ambassador of Osip, died on the way back to England, was the beginning of trade relations with Misty Albion.
Since the time of Ivan the Terrible, the Anglican Church in Moscow was the average life of the British in the capital. About how the spiritual life of the Anglicans was built in troubled times and throughout the XVII century, the information was practically not preserved. At the end of the XVIII century. Suites from Britain for worships used Protestant Kirch in German Sloboda. After the fire of 1812, the British were leased part of the mansion of Princess Proorovskaya on Tverskaya Street. And after sixteen, the house purchased a house in Chernyshevsky Lane, where, after some alterations, a small chapel was arranged. At the end of the century, the Anglican Church of St. Andrei.
Everything has changed since the beginning of the XX century. After the October coup, the Anglican presser was expelled from the country, and the spiritual life of the community in Moscow was put an end. Revival began only in the late eighties. In 1992, the Religious Organization of Anglican was officially registered in Russia. Kappellan of the Moscow arrival makes a spiritual ocker of communities in St. Petersburg, on Far East And in the Transcaucasia. Canonically, the Anglican Societies of Russia enter the Diocese of Gibraltar in Europe.
Anglican Church of St. Andrew First call
In the seventies of the XIX century, the Anglican community in Moscow has grown significantly. The old chapel in Chernyshevsky Lane was not able to accommodate all the parishioners. In 1882, on the project of Architect Richard Freiman, the construction of a new temple began. The architect executed the architectural appearance of a red brick building in the style of the English Gothic of the Victorian era. In terms of the temple is a single-pic basil with altar abside on the east side. A high tower with four small archery in the corners is constructed over the entrance.
Since the majority of parishioners who sacrificated for construction were immigrants from Scotland, the temple was consecrated in honor of the patron saint of this part of Britain - St. Apostle Andrei First Called. Worships began since 1885.
In the Soviet years, the Anglican Church of St. Andrei divided the fate of many temples of Russia. After the elimination of the arrival in the room there is a warehouse, then a hostel. In 1960, the building was transferred to the famous gramzing studio "Melody". For many years, one of the technical services was placed here.
In 1991, the Anglican Church of St. Andrew again opened its doors for parishioners. For worship services, a priest came from Finland. Two years later, the abbot was appointed, and in 1994 the building was transferred to the British community.
Features of the Anglican Church.
In a few centuries, before the start of protest movements in Europe, the reformists have already bludge the minds of the British Islands. The doctrine of the Roman Church in the Middle Ages was not only the implementation of the spiritual dictation over the population of Europe. The Vatican actively interfered into the secular life of sovereign states: Cardinals and Bishops took part in the political games of the monarchical dynasties, and excessive taxes in favor of the Papal treasury caused discontent among nobility and ordinary people. For the implementation of the interests of Rome, the init secable clergy was prescribed, far from sympathizing with moral demands of local believers. The development of the feudal economy required the revision of relations between secular power and the church. Along with socio-political and economic premises, problems of a charming nature arose. All the louder was helands that the Catholic Vera deviated from the apostolic traditions. All this led to the fact that in the XVI century, a new spiritual community was formed in the British Islands - the Anglican Church.
Heinrich VIII - Collapsemaster
There is such a term of Christian theologians. Revolutionary moods in the church environment ripen very often for different reasons: the painful ignorance of believers, political collisions ... Cramole thoughts are called temptation. But here is one who is decided to go to Rubikon and express common aspirations in real affairs. In Britain, this was done by the King Heinrich VIII. It was at the same time that the monarch began the history of the Anglican Church. The reason was the desire of Henry to divorce with the first wife of Catherine Aragon and marry Anna Boleyn. Church divorce is a scrupulous business. But noble characters always went to meet. Catherine was a relative of Charles V. In order not to spoil relations with the German emperor, the Pope Clement VII is denied the English monarch. Heinrich decides to break the connection with the Vatican. He rejected the canonical primacy of Rome over the Church of England, and the parliament fully supported his monarch. In 1532, the king of his decree prescribes the Foma Cranmer with the new Archbishop of Canterbury. First, the bishops were sent from Rome. By agreement, Tranmer frees the king from marriage. The following year, the Parliament adopts the "Act of Suprematia", proclaimed Henry and its receivers on the throne of the Supreme Head of the Church in England. So the branch of the English parishes from the Vatican was made. In the second half of the XVI century - during the Board of Mary Tordor, the zealous Catholic - the Catholic and Anglican Church formally connected for a short time.
Basics of the creed of the Anglican Church
Priesthood and clergy - non-identical concepts. One of the most important issues of all Christian denominations is the dogma of the church hierarchy. According to the canons, the shepherd is erected into the sacred san is not a whim of human, and the Holy Spirit through the special sacrament of ordination. Throughout the millennium, the continuity of each clergyman, which originates from the day of the Descent of the Holy Spirit on the Apostles. Many Protestant flows rejected the need for their shepherds to be priests. The Anglican Church, in contrast to other reformists, has retained the continuity of the hierarchy. When erected into sacred degrees, a sacrament with a prayer call of the Holy Spirit is committed through the Bishopsk ordination. At the church cathedral in 1563 at the insistence of the Queen Elizabeth I was approved by the symbolic book of the Anglican Faith as part of 39 articles. She shifts eloquently, what features of the Anglican Church. The vigorious doctrine of Anglicanism is the syncretism of Catholicism and Protestant views of Lutherancy and Calvinism. Thirty-nine theses are formulated quite extensively and vaguely, allowing many interpretations. Britain zealously retains its reformist. The canons require the clerics to publicly confess their loyalty to these articles. The British monarch, sworn at the coronation, focuses on his oath on Protestant dogmas. The text of the sacred oath contains the denying of faith in the fact that during the liturgy there is a bread and wine to the true body and the blood of Christ. Thus, the very essence of Christianity is not acceptable: the sacrifice of the Savior in the name of all those who believed in it. Also rejected by the worship of the Virgin Mary and Saints.
Dogmas Anglican
Anti-gram movements in society Christians of the British Islands did not lead to such radical consequences as on the mainland. Main canonical norms carry political and economic aspirations for the XVI century. The most important achievement is that the Anglican Church does not obey the Vatican. The chapter it is not a spiritual person, but the king. The Anglicism does not recognize the Institute of Monasticism and allows the path of salvation to the soul to the personal faith, without the help of the Church. At one time, it helped to support the KazNU King Henry VIII. The parishes and monasteries were deprived of property and abolished.
Sacraments
British recognize only three sacraments: baptism, communion and repentance. Although the Anglican community is reforming the reform and Protestant, the liturgical tradition allows you to read the icons and the magnificent vestments of the clergy. In the temples during worships, organ music is used.
Language of worship
In all corners of the world, Catholic worship is performed on Latin, regardless of the native language of the parishioners. In this, the main difference between the Catholic Church of the Anglican, where the Bible is translated into English, and services are held in their native language.
Three churches
In Anglicism, there are three kinds of internal flows. The so-called "low church" jealously complies with the conquest of the Reformation. "High" to restore some attributes of Catholicism: Worship of the Virgin Mary and Saints, the use of sacred images. Adherents of this flow are called anglocatolics. Both of these formations are combined within one community of the "wide church".
Supremati's act turned the church to the state structure
All world religions are sooner or later faced with the need to distinguish between powers with secular power. Ancient Israel was a theocratic state. Byzantium implemented the synergies of the church and the power of the emperor. And in Britain, the society of believers actually turned into one of the organs of the state system. This is despite the fact that England is a secular state. The British monarch has the right to appoint the charter of the Church and Bishops. Candidates for approval for approval represents the Prime Minister. Archbishop Canterberian has no administrative power outside of England. Most of the episcopate are members of the House of Lords. Legally, the head of the Anglican Church - the ruling monarch, regardless of gender. The act about Suprematia gives the king of complete jurisdiction over the church, which gives him the right to control the income and appoint clerics to church positions. In addition, the monarch has the right to solve dogmatic issues, inspect Diocesees (dioceses), eradicating heretical teachings and even make changes to the liturgical chin. True, in the entire history of the Anglication of such precedents was not. If there is a need for canonical changes, then the Cathedral of the clergy is not entitled to do this independently. Such events should undergo a procedure for approval in government bodies. So, in 1927 and 1928, the UK parliament did not accept the new canonical collection proposed by the Cathedral of the clergy, in return for the relevance of the "Book of Public Prayers", published in 1662.
Device of the Anglican Church
The Anglican religion spread throughout the world in parallel to the British economic and political expansion. The total number of professing this faith, as of 2014, reaches 92 million people. Outside the British Islands, the community refers to the Episcopal Church. Nowadays, the Anglicanism is a community of local churches, recognizing its spiritual leader of the Archbishop of Canterbury. In this aspect there is some analogy with the Roman Church. Each of the national communities is independent and independent in management, in the same way as in the Orthodox canonical tradition. Local churches, or provincials in Anglican 38, which includes more than 400 dioceses on all continents. The Archbishop of Canonberian is not dominant (canonically or mystically) over other charters of the community, but he is the first to reward honors among himself. The difference between the Catholic Church from the Anglican one is that Pope is the Supreme Head of all Catholics, both in spiritual and administratively. The existence of local national communities is not acceptable. To discuss the issues of church life, the Anglican clergy is periodically going at the conference at the Lambert Palace in London.
Female bishopat
Features of the Anglican Church are not exhausted by its legal status and challenge dogma. In the 60s of the last century, a feminist movement began. After decades, the struggle for the cessation of oppression in the social environment led not only to change the situation of a woman in society, but also to the deformations of the idea of \u200b\u200bGod. Protestantism contributed a lot. In religious views of the Pastor reformers - this is, first of all, social ministry. Gender differences cannot be a hindrance. For the first time, the sacrament of the ordination of a woman in the presbyter was committed in one of the Anglican communities of China in 1944. In the early 70s of the 20th century, the US Episcopal Church officially approved the charifion of the weak gender. Gradually, these trends got to the metropolis. Changes in such views of society objectively demonstrate what the features of the Anglican Church in our time. In 1988, at the conference of Bishops in London, a resolution was adopted about the possibility of introducing in the Anglican Church of the Female Priesthood. Parliament this initiative was approved. After that, the number of priests and bishops in skirts began to grow as on yeast. In a number of communities of the new light women shepherdiers more than 20 percent. The first lady-hierarch was applied in Canada. Then the relay picked up Australia. And now the last bastion of British conservatism collapsed. On November 20, 2013, the Synod of the Anglican Church with an overwhelming majority of votes legalized the ordination of women in the bishops. At the same time, the opinion of simple parishioners was not taken into account, which were expressed categorically against these innovations.
Woman priest - this nonsense
From the time of creating a world, religious rituals always sent men. All doctrines confess the immutability that the woman, according to the Creator's plan, should obey a man. It is the husbands, and that is not all, but only the elected, the secrets of the universe were reported and the veil of the future was opened. The religions of the world do not know examples so that the woman was an intermediary between God and people. This provision is especially important for Christian Bogo-Stocked Religion. The priest during worship represents Christ. In many confessions, except Catholic, it must be the appearance of the shepherd. The Savior was a man. The transcendental image of God is a male beginning. There were many women who have committed significant exploits for the preaching of Christianity. After the execution of the Savior, when even the most devoted apostles felt, a woman had a woman. Maria Magdalina first found out about the resurrection of Jesus. Righteous Nina alone preached faith in the Caucasus. Women fulfilled an educational mission or were engaged in charity, but never committed worship services. Can not serve a weak floor and by virtue of its physiological features.
Not consistent
Although on dogmatic views, the Anglican Church closer to Protestantism than to Orthodoxy, nevertheless, for centuries, attempted both communion of believers to unite. The British confess the dogmas, quite consonant with Orthodoxy: for example, God's one in three faces, about the Son of God and others. British priests, as well as Orthodox, may be married, unlike Catholic. In the XIX-XX centuries in Russian Orthodox church The question of the recognition of an Anglican clergy on the basis of the recognition of the apostolic succession in the sacrament of ordination was discussed. In recent decades, Russian hierarchs have taken a permanent participation in Lambert conferences. Active theological dialogue was conducted, the purpose of which was the union with the Anglican Church. However, the peculiarities of the Anglican Church, related to the introduction of women's presvircy and bishopric, further communication is impossible.
Christian cross
differences of disagreement regarding the descent of the Holy Spirit is the main difference between Orthodoxy from Catholicism.
They arose for a long time, and allowing these contradictions, apparently, none of the churches of special desire express. There are differences and attributes of different directions of Christianity. For example, the cross in Catholics has a simple quadrangular shape. Orthodox - eight-pointed. The Orthodox East Church believes that the cruciform of this species most accurately transmits the shape of the cross described in the New Testament. In addition to the main horizontal crossbar, it contains two more. The top person identifies the plate, nailed to the cross and contained the inscription "Jesus Nazarenin, King Jewish". The lower slanting of the crossbar is the backup for the legs of Christ - symbolizes "Merilo Righteous."