Who would have thought, Anton Fryazin - the famous Russian architect - has Italian roots? Although it is more correct: I could think Antonio Gilardi is an Italian diplomat and architect - what will he become one of the pillars of Russian architecture by Anton Fryazin? 
Anton Fryazin builds the Kremlin
By and large, even schoolchildren know that the Moscow Kremlin built Italian masters. Today, by the way, the anniversary of the bookmark of the first tower of this fortress is Tainky. This was done by Antonio Gilardi in 1485. What did the Italians forget in such a zoofiness, what was Moscow at that time?
That same tower
It should be noted that Muscovy from the point of view of Europeans of the Renaissance was the country of Asian, type of Mongolia or China, which promised real exemplary trade. And the Italians at that time were much promoting any other Europeans, actively exporting their technologies (including fortifications) instead of all raw materials (fur, spices, precious materials).
Antonio Gilardi was one of these Italians - Anton Fryazin - Stirlitz for all hands. He was a real personnel Vatican intelligence and diplomat. It was he who installed a diplomatic relationship between the papal throne and Muscovy, it was he who married Ivan III - grandfather Ivan the Terrible - at Sophia Paleologist and it was he who began to build the Moscow Kremlin in the form in which we know it today. Here is such Russian architecture.
By the way, according to one of the versions of the construction of the Kremlin 2.0, Leonardo da Vinci himself was led.
Today, the Moscow Kremlin is the biggest castle in Europe. Personally, I saw him for the first time in 1986, when the parents sent me for the summer to wander from Chernobyl on numerous relatives in Russia. A more large-scale similarity of the Milan Castle of Sforza at me, of course, made an impression.
Find ten differences
Morality. The common point of Muscovites with Italians was quite unexpected. And she rotated around enough cynical methods that were used by politicians. So the Machiowels, Borgia and Sforza, were quite organically fit into the politics of late Rurikovich.
And today we are little surprised when Russian politicians are friends with the types of type Silvio Berlusconi.
Anton Fryazin
This Italian architect knows very little. Some sources call him the birthplace Italian city. In Moscow, he arrived in 1469 as part of the Embassy of Grek Yuri from Cardinal Vissarion, who began negotiations on the marriage of Ivan III on the princess Sophie Paleologist.
For sixteen years old, the annals says nothing about the construction activities of Anton Fryazin and only under 1485 they call him the first job - the construction of the Tanytsky Tower (on the terminology of the then time - Strelniki) of the Moscow Kremlin: "... in the spring of 29 May, it was laid on Moscow The Strelnik River at Sheshkoy (cup) gates, and a cache was bred under it, and Anton Fryazin did it. "
A modern historiography drew attention to such a gap between the year of arrival and the first mention of the construction. This silence of the chronicler can be explained by the fact that in 1471 a diplomat arrives in Moscow in Moscow, and Anton Fryazin also arrived in Moscow. Nikonovsky chronicle and other sources lead a lot of information about the activities of this Anton Fryazin on a diplomatic field and then under 1485 suddenly report on the construction of them by the Tanyatsky Tower. How does a diplomat to which Ivan III gives a number of instructions and the one performing them, traveling between Venice and Moscow, turned into an architect, is incomprehensible. Obviously, the ancient chronicler united two different people in one person. All this does not explain the causes of the chronicle of the activity of the architecture. It is possible that Anton Fryazin arrived in the year of bookmarks by the Tanyatsky Tower, but then it does not coincide with the year of the appearance of the Embassy of Cardinal Vissarion in Moscow.
There is only one explanation of this historical inconsistency: significant facts in the history of the construction of Moscow fall on the pages of the chronicles; In such a fact, the construction of a new Kremlin Tower was constructed; Everything else passes by the attention of the chronicler.
The construction of the Tianitskaya Tower is the first work of the first of the Italian architectors who came to Moscow, it begins restructuring in the brochetious brick, even the time of Dmitry Donskoy, Moscow Kremlin. Three years later, in 1488, Anton Fryazin builds the corner Sviblov Tower, in 1686 renamed to the waterway.
Speaking about the Kremlin Towers of the XV-XVI centuries, it should be remembered that they did not have tents constructed in the XVII century. Initially, they were massive cylindrical or rectangular volumes, for some exceptions were highly raised above the walls and nominated for their line, which gave the possibility of a longitudinal shelling of the enemy going on the assault.
The Tainytskaya Tower, which received its name in a secret move, dug in the direction of the river, is a travel, rectangular and very massive, with a tanning shooter, relatively low raised above the walls. She not only played the role of Strelnik, but also was a support for the adjacent walls. In 1772, in connection with the construction of the Palace on the project V. I. Bazhenova, the tower was demolished, and then restored according to the measurement drawings of M. F. Kazakov in the sizes and architectural details, which were attached by Anton Fryazin, followed by the tent vertex superstructure .
During the reconstruction and expansion of the Kremlin embankment, in 1953, the rejected shooter was demolished, and the Townitskaya Tower acquired a modern appearance.
SVIBLOVA (waterway) tower was the second construction of the three structures set at the base of the Kremlin triangle leaving the Moscow River. For its proportions, it is more massive than Beklemishevskaya (Moskvoretskaya), and more decorated. Lowly over the white-stone basement - round bobbeds of the plantar battle. Until the middle of the height, the tower is laid out by alternating belts of the serving and weltering brick masonry, which gives it even greater massiveness. Then there is a narrow strip of white stone, which relies the arcatent belt. This motive is not repeated on any of the Kremlin towers. Everything is completed with the magnificent crown of mounted boomes (machines) and teeth in the form of "swallow tails" with slots for shooting.
SVIBLOVA Tower was destroyed in 1812, and then restored by the architect O. I. Bow.
Both the arcatelistic belt, and the shape of the machine, and the "swallow tails" - this is a new one that first appears in the ancient Russian architecture of serfs and which we can find straight analogues in the architecture of medieval Italy. Recall the castle and the Duke of the Dukes of Scaligeri in Verona or Palazzo del Captain in Orvieto. Exactly the same arcatent belt, as on the Sviblovaya Bashpa of the Kremlin, we will find as a subcarified frieze of the Cathedral of San Chirnako in Ancona and on the set of other monuments of the PRATINESSANCE to quatrocheto. And the main innovation was that since the second half of the XV century in Russia, they are moving into widespread use in the construction of bricks. This was the merit and Anton Fry-Zina, which began the reconstruction of the Moscow Kremlin.
Kremlin wall from the Moscow River
Beklemishevskaya Tower of the Kremlin. Marco Fryazin, 1487
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532 years ago Italian architect Anton Fryazin laid one of the Kremlin towers
Tainitskaya Tower
Ludvig14 / Wikimedia Commons
Why Ivan III sharpened the Italian ambassador to Kolomna, as the rain saved from the explosion of the Kremlin towers and why Nkvdshniki did not let scientists in the ancient Russian cache, tells the rubric "History of Science".
According to an old manuscript, on July 19, 1485, the Venetian architect Anton Fryazin laid on the Moscow River the first of the twenty towers of the renewed Moscow Kremlin - Tainitsky. This tower not only became the first in the rebuilt Kremlin, but, thanks to its creator, a true revolution was produced in a fortress building: Fryazin first decided to use bricks. According to him, all the towers of the Kremlin were stacked precisely from bricks, and afterwards all the structures of this type were in rui on the Fryazinsky recipe.
Information about the master is a bit. It is known that his real name - Antonio Gilardi, and the word Fryazin, who became his Russian surname, there is nothing but a distorted word "Frank", which in the old Russia called immigrants from southern Europe, and mostly not French, but the Italians.
It is also known that Fryazin was from the city of Vicenza, which was then part of the Venice Republic. Being not only by the architect, but also a diplomat, he first arrived in Moscow in 1469 as part of the Sweet Ambassador Cardinal Vissarion. The ambassador arrived to offer Ivan III marriage with the princess in the exile of Sofia Paleolog. Then he returned home with a retinue, but in 1471 he arrived from the Vatican again and first established diplomatic relations between the two states.
"Ambassador Ivan Fryazin hands Ivan III portrait of his bride Sofia Paleolog"
Victor Music / Wikimedia Commons
In the same year, Fryazin was caught in the fact that he helped his uncle Ivan Fryazin (Giovanni Battista della Wolpe) to ship through Moscow to the Golden Horde of the Venice Ambassador Giovanni Battist Trevizan. And although the embassy to Tatars did not have a relation to the safety of the Russian state, Ivan Fryazin hid from the king the true cause of his mission. When everything broke out, Ivan III was angry (up to standing on the river Ugration there was less than ten years, so Rusi's relations were tense relations), and the ambassador was not sharp in Kolomna, until everything explained. Anton, Fryazin, was sent to Venice to seek official apologies to Russia from her.
At this, the diplomatic Saga Anton Fryazin ends, and years later, when Ivan III decided to rebuild the Kremlin and urged the whole pleiad of European masters for himself, his much more brilliant career of the Kremlin architect begins. Under his beginning, not only the Tinitskaya Tower was folded, but then no less important in its intention and more magnificent architecture water tower. True, a number of historians express suspicion that in fact there were two different Anton Fryazin in all of this story: a diplomat and architect.
Water Tower of the Moscow Kremlin, view from a large stone bridge
Julia Mineyeva / Wikimedia Commons
The Townitskaya Tower was erected on the site of the so-called Czech gate (in the XV century, nearby there was a Some Czech courtyard), but the famous were these gates by the fact that in ancient times there was an ancient well-secret well here. Whether in memory of this well, whether the fortification of the Kremlin walls, the most important for the defense of the city, located on the South, the most important for the defense of the city, was built by the Kremlin wall, the well of the cache was built with access to the river, from which she received its name. According to one information, through it in the Kremlin, in the case of siege, it was possible to serve water, on others, from the Tainytskaya tower there was a secret underground stroke under the river, designed for sudden halt.
Then the tower had a completely different look. With it there was a shooter (wooden tower without a tent), connecting with the tower of a stone bridge, an access door with a lifting bridge, even had a massive clock with a battle. The watchmaker lived immediately, having built two of the tested over the tower, which over time quickly dispelled and were shortly demolished. The clock stood up to 1674.
Continuing material
As part of the village of Grebnevo, the village of Fryazino on Loskuiva (muddy, love, love) was long. Usually, as already mentioned above, this name is associated with the Fryazine Italians who came to Russia under Ivan III.
It should be noted that Fryazins penetrated the Russian plain long before the end of the XV century: in the time of the Golden Horde, they actively traded with Tatars. The city of Azov was considered the city of Fryazhsky. Already during the times of the Kulikovsky battle, Fryazine received the opportunity to use the wealth of our nature. So, Fryazin Andrey welcomed the Pechora that he was previously complained by his uncle Matfterchi.
However, we note that fryazins were among the troops of Mama, and fought against Russian rati.
"Not to fight in hunting,
Not that too zealous dust ...
Khan Genoese infantry
Oh, I bought it out. "
Gennady Serebryakov. "Genoese infantry."
Although, on the other hand, Mamay fled to Fryazin in Cafa (i.e.Fodosia), and they killed him there:
"Still in battle, a thick steppe of a kolya, you slipk up, trembling with rage!
Tokhtamysh is defeated, die from the Genoese knife. "
Ravil Bukharaev. "Dawn Evening."
Ivan Vasilyevich III, Grandfather Ivan the Terrible, is wonderful in that he led a very careful and at the same time productive policies. Under it, the country became one, he eliminated the ducks that were crushing Russia. He refused Dani - the "exit" of the Golden Horde, and thus the Tatar yoke ended.
In order for the authority of the Grand Duke Rose, Ivan Vasilyevich managed to marry the niece of the last Byzantine emperor, Zoe (after baptism - Sofia Fominichina) Paleologist, daughters, who, after the seizure of Byzantia, the Turks fled to Italy. Was taken for Russia and the coat of arms of Byzantium, a two-headed eagle. And Ivan Fryazin was sent to the marriage to Italy.
"The official embassy was sent to Rome. It was not found a Russian person to fulfill such a responsible assignment that demanded knowledge of languages, diplomatic customs, orientations in the international situation in the strict observance of the interests of their country."
Ivan Fryazin, and his full name Janbatist Wolpe from Vicenzaand turned out to be such a suitable person. "He successfully completed the mission entrusted to him, concluding a preliminary agreement with a dad about the extradition of Zoe Paleolog for the Russian Grand Duke. Russia's diplomatic relations began with Italy."
Italian specialists appeared in the country - merchants (minted coins), guns and villains (able to pour guns and cook gunpowder for them), chains (engineers, in particular architects). Italian built the Assumption Cathedral in the Kremlin. Italians built towers and walls of the Moscow Kremlin. At the site of the present "Children's World" was a cannon court, he was also built Fryazin.
At the end of the 15th century, one of Fryazinov receives from the Grand Duke Moscow region: Ivan Salvator (i.e. Savior) Fryazin. This event belongs to 1492. Ivan Savior arrived in 1490 in winter with several foreign experts.
On this occasion Ivan Zabelin writes (, p.207):
"Almost at the end of the 20th century. When Vasilyevich Vasilyevich was summoned to Moscow in 1490. Argan playing, Ivan Savior, Kaplan White Chernetsov Augustinov Act, who, no doubt, and came to arrange an organ in the palace Fun. Perhaps he was a master of these tools and then took up their construction, if he did not bring it already ready. Anyway, but this evidence indicates that the Moscow Palace organized already from the XV century. There is no doubt that in a rash source, with other similar tools, they subsequently constituted the necessary article of the Palace Fisteners. "
In Moscow, Kapellan (Capellan is the head of the church choir.) Ivan Fryazin renounced his innequity, accepted Orthodoxy and married. Here is the great prince and complained Fryazino Sel.
Probably, some Fryazin received a populated land and next to the ridge. Hence, perhaps, the name Fryazino occurred.
Fryazino, like Schelkovo, was part of the village (we recall that the village was called the settlement with the temple, and those villages were ranked to the village whose residents came to this temple (arrival).) Grebnevo. In 1584, such villages, often from one-two courtyards, and abandoned vigilant villages as part of Grebnevo was listed 46. In the middle of the XVIII century, the village of Grebnevo was seven villages: Schelkovo, Fryazino, Chizhovo, New, Torbino, Nazimih, Sloboda, and Toporkovo . They had 220 yards, 1269 people lived. And in the very comb of peasant yards was not. Most likely, it was an administrative center, the landlord estate grew here and there was a church with the houses of clergy.
For reference, we will list Fryazins than they did and in what years came and from where. Information from the book I.Belin.
"Surozhtsy as Italyan traders are mentioned in 1288 on the occasion of the death of Volyn Prince Vladimir Vasilkovich, when the Germans were crying, Sourojers, Novgorod and Jewish in Vladimir Volynsky.
"Italian masters lived and worked in Moscow in the time of Ivan Kalita. Roman Boris Lily Bell in the 1340s. Since then, the Italians, apparently, did not leave Moscow, coming to it and appeal and in their will."
Boris probably was Orthodox, judging by name. In 1342 he merged the bell the Great for the temple of Sofia in Novgorod is great. Master arrived from Moscow on the command of Vladyka Vasily. In 1346, he cast the bells for Moscow temples, three large and two smaller.
The chroniclers under the 1356 years arrived in Moscow. The Genoese focused their bidding at the mouth of the Don and in the Crimea, in Cafe and Surge.
In 1475 returned from Venice Ambassador Tolbuisin And he led to Master Morster, "Koi puts the church and Out, Aristotle named, also a gun, he will delibe them and beat them from them, and the bells and other Liti Hitra Velmi."
This fryazine on nicknamed Aristotle in 1477-78 took part in the campaign of the Grand Duke to Novgorod. Built a bridge on ships across the Volkhov River.
In 1476, the Italian Kontarini traveler arrived in Moscow and found in Moscow golden affairs of the Tryphon Master, Qataro Native.
In 1479, the Assumption Cathedral was consecrated in the Kremlin, built by Aristotle Fryazin.
Anton Fryazin and Marco Fryazin In 1485, they were engaged in the construction of the Kremlin walls. Back in 1475, the entire Kremlin was a wooden fortress. The dilapidated stone walls were probably fixed with wood. On July 19, 1485, Anton Fryazin laid the new gate with the "cache", the move towards the river for the water in the case of siege, they are called Tainitsky. In 1487 - Beklemisian tower. May 27, 1488. Sweet Tower.
In 1487, Marco Fryazin laid on the waters of the ward, which the embankment was called.
In 1488, a great gun (king gun) Fryazin Peaclin Debosis is poured.
Petr-Anthony Fryazin and his student of deputy Anthony arrived in 1490. Peter called "Architecton", master of the ward and wall. In 1491 Peter-Anthony and Marco Fryazine laid two towers - Frolovsky (Spassky Gate) and Nikolskaya. Now they go to the Red Square. A stone board with the inscription is preserved in the Spaffic Gate: "In the summer of 6999 (this year from the creation of the world. In order to get the usual year from the Nativity of Christ, it is necessary to subtract 5508: 6999 - 5508 \u003d 1491.) By the year of God, God's grace is made by the Sia Siah, the command of John Vasilyevich Soviet and the autocrat of All Russia and the Grand Duke Vladimirsky and the Moscow and Novgorod and Pskov and Toppan and Yugorsky and Vyatsky and Perm and Bulgarian and other states in the 30th summer of his state. Deli Peter-Antonia from Mediolan. "
In 1491, Marco Fryazin and Peter-Anthony built a large ward called grain.
In 1492 built a dog tower.
In 1493, the entire Kremlin burned down the duck.
In 1494, the Wall Master Alasis and the Canhem Peter arrived.
In 1499 in May, in the Kremlin, Aleviz Fryazin the Teremnaya Palace. It was completed in the construction of 1508. "The yard of the Kamen, the halves of stone and bricks, and under them the cellars and glaciers, in the old yard of the Annunciation."
In 1503 merge a large bell Peter Fryazin, copper in it 350 pounds, except for tin.
Aleviz Fryazin in 1508 dug deep ditch, laid out with a white stone and brick, from the side of the unfortunate gave a deep ponds, of which the Neglinnaya on the RBU was connected to the Moscow River. In the same year, on November 8, the Assumption Cathedral was consecrated, which was built by Fryazin Aleviz New (compare the names of Fryazino and Novo villages nearby).
And on November 5, 1508, the Church of John the Forerunner was consecrated, which built Fryazin Aleviz Novyovsky at the Borhimitsky gate, "from the mediologist". The combination of "Fryazin New" and "Fryazino, Novo" suggests us that, perhaps, he was granted to the villages on the mud. However, we do not know this.
In 1508, the Arkhangelsk Cathedral and the Bell Tower of John the Distiller is over. Circled Fryazin Bon.
In 1514, the sovereign commanded Fryazin alasis lay and make stone and brick churches not only in the Kremlin, but also at Posad. In the Kremlin, the church of the Nativity of the Virgin, at Posad - nine churches. Their builder was the same Fryazin Aleviz.
In 1532 Nikolai Fryazin merged a bell of 500 pounds.
In 1535, a stone city was laid in the spring around the earthly city, the Italian Master Fryazine Petroca Small, Novokrem.
In 1543, Fryazin Petrot Small finished in the Kremlin the Temple of the Resurrection (started in 1532). Nearby was built the Ivan Great Bell Tower (in 1600). In 1812, Napoleon tried to blow up the Kremlin. The upper half of the Fryazino building was destroyed, Ivan the Great survived, only a non-hazardous crack appeared.
The first Sofia Chronicle is evidenced about the arrival of the Italian architect in Moscow, where he appeared that he came "on a great day" (for Easter), and not alone, but "He is taken with him that Aristotle Son's son Andrei is name, yes a cupboard, pets .
The work of Aristotle Fiorewanti in Moscow began with disassembly of the ruins of the Assumption Cathedral of Myshkina and Krivtsov. Clearing the place for the new cathedral took just a week - in 7 days it was completely removed what was built for three years. The demolition of the walls of the walls was used with the help of the "Baran" - an oak log, an accumulated iron, which was suspended to the "pyramid" of three bars and, swinging, beat into the wall. When this was not enough, wooden stakes were driven into the lower part of the remaining wreckage of the walls and set fire to them. The analysis of the walls would end up before, if the workers managed to make a stone from the courtyard faster. However, the architect was not hurry to hurry the construction. Phiorewanti understood that he could not not be considered with the customs and tastes of the Russian people, should not be artificially transferred here the usual forms of Western architecture. Therefore, finishing the bookmark of the foundation, Aristotle went to travel around the country for exploring the ancient Russian architecture.
Achievements
Built the Assumption Cathedral in the Moscow Kremlin. As the head of artillery participated in the campaigns of Ivan III to Novgorod, Kazan and Tver. Mixed bells, coins coins.