Architectural dictionary. Types of Russian temples - read icon - Catalog of articles - Temple of Cyril and Methodius Semicircular completions of the top of the temple wall are called

Why believers build temples? Why are there such a large amount of scattering throughout the Orthodox Earth? The answer is simple: the purpose of everyone is to save the soul, and its achievement is impossible without visiting the church. She is a hospital where it comes from sinful falls, as well as her deification. The device of the temple, its decoration allow the believer to plunge into the divine atmosphere, to get closer to the Lord. To hold the rite of baptism, weddings, only the priest can release sins, which is present in the temple. Without ministries, the prayer can not be a person to become Chud.

Orthodox church

The Orthodox Temple is a place where God serve where there is an opportunity to connect with him with the help of such sacraments as baptism, communion. Believers are gather here to make a joint prayer, the strength of which everyone knows.

The first Christians had an illegal position, so they had no temples. For prayers, believers were collected in the houses of the leaders of communities, synagogues, and it happened that Syracuse, Rome, Ephesus, Ephesa. It lasted for three centuries until Konstantin Great came to power. In 323, he became a full emperor of the Roman Empire. Christianity he made a state religion. Since then, the active erection of temples began, and later monasteries. It was his mother - Queen Elena Constantinople - was the initiator of the Exaltation in Jerusalem.

Since then, the device of the temple, its interior decoration, the architecture has undergone significant changes. In Russia, it was necessary to build crosses of dome churches, this type of relevant so far. An important detail of any temple is the dome, they are crowned with a cross. Already from afar, you can get the house of God. If the dome is decorated with gilding, then under the rays of the sun they smelly, symbolizing the fire, burning in believers.

Internal organization

The inner device of the temple necessarily symbolizes the proximity to God, endowed with a certain symbolism, decoration, serves to meet the goals of Christian worship services. As the church teaches, all of our material world is nothing but the reflection of the spiritual world, an invisible eye. The temple is the image of the presence of the kingdom of heaven on Earth, respectively, the image of the king of heaven. The device of the Orthodox church, its architecture, symbolism makes it possible to perceive the temple as the beginning of the kingdom of heaven, his image (invisible, distant, divine).

Like any structure, the temple should carry those functions for which it is intended to satisfy the needs and have the following premises:

For clergy, which conduct services.
For all believers present in the church.
For swinging and those who are preparing to accept baptism.

Since ancient times, the temple is divided into three main parts:

Altar.
The middle part of the temple.
Fitting.

Iconostasis.
Altar.
Throne.
Sacristy.
Almost the place.
Ambon.
Saline.
Ponomark.
CLOSES.
Popper.
Candle drawers.
Bell tower.
Porch.

Altar

Considering the device of the temple, it is necessary to pay special attention to the most important part of the church, intended only for clergymen, as well as for those who serve them during worship. The altar encompasses the images of Paradise, the heavenly dwelling of the Lord. Indicates the mysterious side in the universe, part of the sky. Otherwise, the altar is called "Sky for Zel". Everyone knows that the Lord closed after the sin of the gate to the kingdom of heaven for ordinary laity, the entrance is possible only having a special sacred value, the altar always inspires believers awe. If the believer that helps in the service, the flowing order or the ignition candles comes here, he must accomplish the earthly bow. The laity entrance to the altar is banned for the simple reason that the place it should always be purely, holy, it is here that Holy Mesto is located. It is not allowed in this place to rush and the absentia, which in its sinful nature may be allowed to allow simple mortals. The place is to concentrate the prayer to the priest.

Iconostasis

Christians have a feeling of reverence by entering the Orthodox Church. Its device and interior decoration, icons with the lips of saints exhibits the souls of believers, create an atmosphere of peace, trembles in front of our Lord.

Already in the ancient catacomb temples, the altar began to cut off the rest. Then saline already existed, altar obstacles were performed in the form of fixed lattices. Much later there was an iconostasis, which has royal and lateral gates. It serves as a separation feature that shrinks the middle temple and the altar. It works as an iconostasis as follows.

In the center there are tsarist gates - especially decorated doors with two sash, are located opposite the throne. Why are they so called? It is believed that the Jesus Christ himself comes to teach people to teach people. On the left and right of the northern and southern gates are installed, which serve to enter and the exit of the priests in the statutory moments of worship. Each of the icons located on the iconostasis has its own special place and meaning, talks about any event from Scripture.

Icons and frescoes

Considering the device and decoration of the Orthodox church, it should be noted that the icons and frescoes are very important affiliated. The Savior, the Virgin, Angels, Holy Radies from biblical plots are depicted on them. The icons in the paints transmit us what is described by words in the Holy Scriptures. Thanks to them in the temple, a prayer mood is created. Praying, you need to remember that the prayer is not as the picture, but to the image shown on it. On icons, images are depicted in the form in which they condescene themselves as they saw their favorites. So, the Trinity is depicted in the form, as she saw her righteous Abraham. Jesus is depicted in that Human Oblichie, in which he lived among us. The Holy Spirit is made to portray in the form of a pigeon, he appeared during the baptism of Christ in the Jordan River, or in the form of fire, who saw the apostles on the day of Pentecost.

Again the written icon is necessarily consecrated in the temple, sprinkles with holy water. Then she becomes sacred and has the ability to act with the grace of the Holy Spirit.

Nimbe around the head indicates that the face-shown on the icon has grace of God, is holy.

The middle part of the temple

The inner structure of the Orthodox church necessarily contains the middle part, sometimes it is called the oil. In this part of the temple there are amvon, saline, iconostasis and pollosy.

It is this part that is actually called the temple. Since ancient times, this part is called the refectory, because the Eucharist is knocked here. The middle temple symbolizes the Earth Being, the sensual human world, but justified, burned and already consecrated. If the altar symbolizes the upper heaven, then the middle temple is a particle of the renewed human world. Two these parts should interact, under the leadership of the sky will be restored on Earth broken order.

Focus

The primer entering the device of the Christian temple is its ever. In the origins of the faith in it, repeated persons or those who were preparing to holy baptism were stopped. In the focus most often have a church box for selling prosphorated, candles, icons, crosses, for registration of wedges and baptism. In the focus they can stand those who received from the confessor, and all the people who for some reason consider themselves at the moment unworthy to enter the temple.

External device

The architecture of the Orthodox churches are always recognizable, and even though species are different, the external device of the temple has its own main parts.

Axida - the protrusion for the altar, attached to the temple, usually has a semicircular shape.

The drum is the upper part that is completed with the cross.

Light drum - drum with cutting openings.

Chapter - Casting Temple Dome with Drum and Cross.

Zakomara - Russian architecture. Semicircular end of the wall.

Lukovitsa is the head of the church of the bulbous form.

Popper - elevated above the ground level porch (closed or open).

Pilaster - flat decorative protrusion on the wall surface.

The portal is the entrance.

The refectory is an extension from the West of the building, serves as a place of sermons, assemblies.

Tent - has a few faces, covers the towers, the temple either the bell tower. Width in the architecture of the XVII century.

FRONTON - completes the facade of the building.

An apple is a dome ball on which the cross is installed.

The tier is a decrease in the height of the entire building.

Types of temples

Orthodox churches have a different shape, they can be:

In the shape of a cross (crucifix symbol).
In the form of a circle (personification of eternity).
In the form of a quadrangle (earth sign).
In the form of an octagon (traveling Bethlehem Star).

Each church is devoted to any holy, important Christian event. The day of their memory becomes the throne temple holiday. If there are several adhesions with an altar, then each is called separately. The chapel is a small structure that resembles a temple, but does not have an altar.

In times, the device of the Christian temple of Byzantium had a cross-dome type. It combined all the traditions of Eastern Temple Architecture. Rus adopted not only Orthodoxy from Byzantium, but also samples of architecture. Keeping traditions, while Russian churches have many peculiar and original.

Buddhist temple device

Many believers are interested, and how the Temples of the Buddha are arranged. We give a brief information. Also installed everything in accordance with strict rules. All Buddhists honor the "three treasures" and it is in the temple that they are looking for a refuge - by the Buddha, his teachings and the community. The right place is where all the "Three Treasures" are collected, they must be reliably protected from any influence, from outsiders. The temple is a closed territory protected from all sides. Powerful gates - the main requirement in the temple device. Buddhists do not distinguish the monastery or temple - for them it is the same thing.

Each Buddhist temple has a Buddha image, no matter, embroidered, hand drawn or is a sculpture. The image should be placed in the Golden Hall, the face to the east. The main figure has huge sizes, everyone else depicts scenes from the life of the saint. The temple has other images - these are all creatures, revered by Buddhists. The altar in the temple decorate the figures of famous monks, they are located just below the Buddha.

A visit to the Buddhist church

Those who want to visit the Buddhist temple must adhere to some requirements. Legs, shoulders must cover opaque clothing. Like the rest of religions, Buddhism believes that non-compliance with the decency in clothes is disrespect for faith.

Buddhist's feet are considered the most dirty part of the body, because they come into contact with the Earth. Therefore, when entering the temple, you must remove shoes. It is believed that so legs are becoming cleaner.

Be sure to know the rule for which believers sit down. No legs should not indicate the Buddha or any saint, so Buddhists prefer to keep neutrality - sit in the lotus position. You can just adjust the legs under yourself.

Cross-domed temples

The Cross-dome type of the temple (the entire central space of the temple in the plan forms the cross) borrowed in Byzantium. As a rule, in the plan it is rectangular, and all of its forms, gradually falling from the central dome, make up a pyramidal composition. The light drum of the Cross-Dome Temple usually relies on the pylon - four carrier massive pillar in the center of the building, - where the four vaulted "sleeves" diverge. The semi-cylindrical vaults adjacent to the dome, intersecting, form an oncoble cross. In its original form, a clear cross-domed composition was the Sofia Cathedral in Kiev. Classic examples of crossed churches - Assumption Cathedral of the Moscow Kremlin, the Church of the Savior Transfiguration in Veliky Novgorod.

Assumption Cathedral of the Moscow Kremlin

Church of the Savior Transfiguration in Veliky Novgorod

In its appearance, cross-dome churches are rectangular volume. On the east side, in the altar part of the temple, apxides were attached to him. Along with modestly decorated temples of this type, there were those who hit the richness and the magnificity of external design. An example is again Sophia Kievskaya, which had open arches, outdoor galleries, decorative niches, semi-colonels, slate eaves, etc.

The traditions of building cross-domed temples found a continuation in the church architecture of Northeast Russia (Assumption and Dmitrievsky Cathedrals in Vladimir, etc.) for their external design are characteristic of: bumps, arkatura, pilasters, straight.

Assumption Cathedral in Vladimir

Dmitrievsky Cathedrals in Vladimir

Tent temples

Tent temples are the classic of Russian architecture. An example of this kind of temples is the church of Ascension in Kolomenskoye (Moscow), recreating the design of the octagon on the church in the wooden architecture.

Church of Ascension in Kolomensky

Eight - octagonal facilities, or part of the structure, was put on the quadrangular base - the fourth. The octahedral tent organically grows out of the quadrangular temple building.

The main distinguishing sign of the tent church is the tent itself, i.e. Tolerating coating, roofing in the form of a four-shred or multifaceted pyramid. The facing of chapters, tents and other parts of the building could be performed by Lemeh - oblong, sometimes curved wooden planks with cloths around the edges. This element is borrowed from the ancient Russian wooden architecture.

The temple from all sides is surrounded by Gulbishmi - so in Russian architecture they called galleries or terraces surrounding the building, as a rule, at the level of overlapping the lower floor - reclining. Rows of Kokoshnikov - decorative bumps were used as an outdoor decoration.

The tent was used not only to overlap churches, but also to complete the bells, towers, porks and other buildings, both of both cult and worldly, secular character.

Languate temples

Temples consisting of each other and gradually decreasing the upstairs of parts, sections are called the architecture of the Yarus.

The idea of \u200b\u200bthem can be obtained, carefully examined the famous Church of the Intercession of the Virgin Mary in Filia. In total, there are six tiers with twellet. Two upper, not glazed, designed for bells.

Church of the Intercession of the Virgin Mary in Fil

The temple is replete with a rich external decor: various sorts of columns, platbands, eaves, carved blades - vertical flat and narrow speakers in the wall, brick calculations.

Church-Rotonda

Rotunda Temples are round (Rotunda translated from Latin - round) In terms of construction, similar to the secular structures: residential building, pavilion, hall, etc.

Bright samples of temples of this type - Church of Metropolitan Peter of the High-Petrovsky Monastery in Moscow, Smolensk Church of the Trinity Sergius Lavra. In the churches-rotunda, there are often such architectural elements like a porch with columns or columns along the walls in a circle.

Church of Metropolitan Peter High-Petrovsky Monastery

Smolensk Church Trinity Sergius Lavra

The most common in ancient Russia was symbolized by eternal life in heaven round at the base of the rotunda temples, the main components of the external design of which were: base, apse, drum, sizes, dome, sails and a cross.

Temples - "Ships"

The cubic temple connected to the bell tower is a rectangular building, externally resembles a ship.

That is why this type of church was called the "ship". This is an architectural metaphor: the temple is a ship where you can go into swimming in full dangers and temptations to the life of the sea. An example of such a temple can serve as Church of Dmitry on blood in Uglich.

Church of Dmitry on blood in Uglich

Dictionary of architectural terms

Interior of the temple

The inner space of the temple is organized by the so-called nefam (NEM translated from the French-ship) - longitudinal parts of the temple room. In the building there may be several nears: the central, or the main (from the entrance door to the singer's place before the iconostasis), the side (they, like the central, are longitudinal, but, unlike it, less broad and high) and transverse. Rows of columns, pillars or arches are separated from each other.

The center of the temple is a bribing space, illuminated by a natural daylight, penetrating through the windows of the drum.

In its internal device, any Orthodox Church consists of three main parts: the altar, the middle part of the temple and the rifle.

Altar (1) (Translated from Latin - the altar) is located in the Eastern (main) part of the temple and symbolizes the region of the Genesis of God. The altar is separated from the rest of the interior high iconostas(2). On an ancient tradition, only men can be in the altar. Over time, the presence in this part of the temple was limited only by clergy and elected circle of persons. In the altar there is a holy throne (the table on which the Gospel and Cross) is the place of the invisible presence of God. It was next to the holy throne that the most important church services are committed. The presence or absence of the altar distinguishes the church from the chapel. In the latter there is an iconostasis, but there is no altar.

The average (central) part of the temple is its main volume. Here during worship meets on prayer parishioners. This part of the temple symbolizes the region of heaven, angelic world, refuge of the righteous.

Fitting (Prejury) - an extension with Western, less often with the northern or south side of the temple. From the rest of the temples, the lamp is separated by a deaf wall. The imposition symbolizes the region of the earth. Otherwise, it is called the refectory, since feasts are arranged here on church holidays. During worship services, persons who are going to accept faith Christ are allowed, as well as people of other faith - "for hearing and teaching." The outer part of the River - the porch of the temple (3) - called paper. For a long time, the pellets are going to be a beggar and poor and asking alms. On the porch over the entrance, the temple is placed icon with a face of that saint or with the image of the sacred event, which the temple is dedicated.

Salus (4) - elevated part of the floor in front of the iconostasis.

Amvon (5) - the central part of the saline, outstanding in the center of the temple and is opposite the royal gate. Assistant to utter sermons, reading the Gospel.

Choir (6) - place in the temple, located at both ends of the saline and intended for the clearing (singers).

Sail (7) - elements of the dome design in the form of spherical triangles. With the help of sails, the transition from the circumference of the dome or its base is a drum to a rectangular bribery space. They also take on the distribution of the dome load on bribing pillars. In addition to the searches on the sails, vaults with a bearing platform - with a removal in the arch (above the door or window opening) in the form of a spherical triangle with a vertex below the top point of the arch and speed vaults.

Throne(18)

Almost the place and throne for hierarchs (19)

Altar (20)

Tsarist Gate (21)

Diaconian gate (22)

Exterior decoration of the temple

Apse (8) (Translated from Greek - Arch, Arch) - semicircular protruding parts of the building with their own overlap.

Drum (9) - the cylindrical or multifaceted upper part of the building, married by the dome.

Valance (10) - decoration under the cornice of the roof in the form of decorative wooden boards with a deaf or through thread, as well as metal (from the spat iron) bands with a slot pattern.

The dome (11) is a vault with a semi-like, and then (from the XVI century) in the form of a bulb with the surface. One dome is a symbol of the unity of God, three symbolize the holy Trinity, five - Jesus Christ and the four evangelists, seven - seven church sacraments.

The cross (12) is the main symbol of Christianity associated with the crucifixion (atoning victim) of Christ.

Common (13) - semicircular or kileous completion of the top of the wall, which closes the spans of the arch.

Arkature (14) - a number of small false arches on the facade or a belt that covers the walls around the perimeter.

Pilasters are decorative elements, a member of the facade and representing flat vertical protrusions on the wall surface.

The blades (15), or lyssen, - a type of pilaster, were used in Russian medieval architecture as the main means of rhythmic wall membership. The presence of blades is typical for the temples of the Domongolian period.

Spearly (16) - part of the wall between two blades, the semicircular completion of which goes into the comma.

The base (17) is the lower part of the outer wall of the building lying on the foundation, usually thickened and protruding with respect to the upper part (church grounds are both simple in the form of slopes - the Assumption Cathedral in Vladimir and developed are profiled - at the Nativity Cathedral of the Virgin in Bogolyubov).

Based on the books of Vl.Soloviev "Golden Book of Russian Culture"

Internal structure of the temple

Temples are traditionally built on the principle of basilica (ancient type of rectangular structures). Basilica is a rectangle of 3 or 5 naves, corridors separated by columns. Central Nets is always ends with an Ambus adding to the east. The inner premises of the basilica represents a rectangle in a rectangle, which symbolizes self-limitation leading to spiritual improvement.
Details and elements of architectural structures

ALTAR (Lat. "High altar") - the eastern, main part of the temple, in which the throne is located. Initially, the altar was called the throne itself, afterwards. When the eastern part of the temple began to be isolated and separated by the iconostasis, the name of the altar spread to the entire part of the temple separated by iconostasis. The altar is the throne, altar, bishop or priestly department. The space behind the throne is called the Morning Places. In the altar, it is usually a barn. According to the ancient tradition in the altar, only men are allowed to attend.

APSE (Ambid) - a semicircular, faceted or other complex form of a reduced protrusion adjacent to the main volume of the temple. As a rule, it contains the altar part of the temple.

DRUM- Cylindrical or faceted completion of the temple volume supporting chapter.

Drum light - drum, face or cylindrical surface of which is cut by window openings

Gate of the royal - The main gates of the iconostasis are two-sided doors opposite the throne. Designed exclusively for the entry of clergy during worship. Usually, the Icons of Annunciation and Four Evangelists are placed on the royal gates.

Gulbishche- Open or indoor bypass, surrounding the building of the temple.

Zakomara- semicircular or calendous completion of the temple straight

Bells- separately standing, attached to the temple or sustained over the temple or its western part of the open structure or wall with openings intended for hanging bells.

TILE - Ceramic element of decor or wall cladding or furnaces. On the back there has a ledge - RUMPU - for clutch with masonry. It is polychrome and simple (Maitolika and Terracotta).

ICONOSTASIS - Partition, separating the altar and the middle part of the temple. Consists of icons located by tiers. The number of tiers is from three to five. In the middle of the lower tier there are gates of the royal, the icon of Jesus Christ and the icon of the saint or holiday, which the temple is devoted to the right of the gates; To the left of the gates are the icon of the Virgin and any other. Behind the icons of the lower row on both sides (in small temples and the passes only with one) are the doors of Dyakonsky. The icon of the secret evening is placed on the royal gates. The second tier below contains the icons of the two-month holidays. The third tier contains the icons of the Deesus rank. The fourth - the icon of the Virgin with the infant of Christ and the icons of the upcoming prophets. The top, fifth tier - the icon of the Trinity and the icons of the upcoming Old Testament Righteous and Praws (Abraham, Isaac, Jacob et al.). Ends the iconostasis with a crucifix.

Kapitel - Completion of the column or pilasters, as a rule, with a more complex pattern and shape. Capitals are Corinthian, Doric, Ionian, Tuscan, Composite Orders and differ in the form - more or less lush and complex.

CHOIR- place in the temple intended for the choir. Plios are located at both ends of the saline.

Baptism- Building or room equipped with a font designed to make the sacraments of baptism.

CRYPT- The burial chamber under the temple or above which the memorial chapel is erected.

Kokoshniki- decorative false seasons of a semicircular or caile form with rich profiling or profiled arches with a filled field, sometimes with pointed top, which serve as a decorative completion of walls, arches, window openings, the framework of the bases of drums, tents, domes, exterior decoration of horses in the form of a slide of Kokosnikov.

COLUMN- architectural element, serving a support post or decorative, cylindrical or face form

Lucarna - Light opening in the roof having a vertical facial plane. In the temple architecture, it is most often found in tent bell tower and serves to improve acoustics.

PORCH- The outer part of the River - the porch of the temple.

Pilyast - Flat vertical protrusion on a wall having base and cap.

Plinfa - Slim flat brick, used in the Old Russian architecture of the Domongolian period.

Sink - Lower floor of the building in Russian architecture, slightly rising above the ground.

Charging coating - The roof laid directly in the arch (Camarars).

Ponamarca- the utility room during the altar.

Half-colonna- Column, half protruding from the vertical surface of the wall.

PORTAL - Decorative entrance design. It can be keel or semicircular, as well as promising, i.e., with a number of outgoing departs of the same outlines.

Prieste - Additional altar with a throne. The chassions are arranged in order for one day (for example, in large holidays or in the resurrection) in one temple, several liturgies could be made (by the number of features), because In the Orthodox Church, it is customary to make no more than one liturgia on one day on one throne (as well as the priest cannot make more than one liturgy per day).

Focus- Western part of the temple. On the one side of the gun, it is panted, with another passage to the middle part of the temple. In the focus on the charter, some worships are committed - engagement, lithium, chin of announcement, etc.

Sprinkled - Part of the wall, vertically limited by pylons or blades. Characteristic for the ancient Russian architecture.

SACRISTY - a separate room in the temple or place in the altar (usually to the right of the mining), where the versions and sacred vessels are stored.

REFECTORY (Greek. "Table, Food") - a building in the monastery, in which monasticists are going for eating, i.e. On the meal. The refectory is usually located in a special temple.

GOSSIP- Open openings in tent coating bells, framed by such window openings by platbands.

PILLAR- Massive support, rectangular, round or condo in terms of supporting vaults.

FRESCO- The wall painting in the temple is applied to the wet plaster.

FRIEZE - Decorated horizontal strip on the wall, decor element

GABLE- Completion of eaves or platband, having a triangular, semicircular, in-friendly or complex shape.

Tent - High four-, six or eight-marginal pyramidal coating of the tower, temple or bell tower, widespread in the Temple Architecture of Russia until the XVII century.

TIER - decreasing in height horizontal membership of the building.

APPLE- the base for the cross, which is installed on the head of the temple.