How much do you have children in China?

In 1970, the QUOT law was adopted in China; one family is one of the child, this law did not work for a long time and in 1980 this program earned, but in 2014 the law corrected a little.

If the family wants to have two children, then one of the parents should be the only son or daughter in the family, then please, such a couple has the right to start two children and no more.

Also, you can also start the second baby if the first infestation in the family is disabled.

The second guy can be started if the couple pays a decent amount into China's budget and there is no ban on the birth of twins or twins, so many young couples turn to artificial fertilization in the hope of going twins or triple.

The authorities of China are struggling so that some women sterilize or force to an abortion.

But under this law, the Chinese do not fall, who have children from marriages with foreigners, say: give birth to how much you want, but children should live and raise in another country.

In China, there was a strict law before: there should be more than one child in the family. This measure was forced, because China is less, for example, Russia, and the population of the billion is a bigger burden on the economy. In addition, millionic cities in China are rare, and the city in 500,000 inhabitants is the village).

But then the government softened the law, allowing you to have 2 children if one of the parents is the only child in the family. The third child is already busting, punishable by a fine.

I know that the beginning it was possible to have only 1 child, but in 2015, as far as I know, you can have 2 children, but it concerns more, it is already imposed a fine, and the penalty increases for each subsequent child.

China Overlooked Country, and there with the birth of children Strict Conditions. In 1979, such a decree was introduced that a Chinese family could give birth to one child, it was done to improve the economic situation in China and in order to stop the demographic explosion.

And in 2013 it was decided that certain families could have two children.

There was an exception that two children can have such pairs, where parents are the only children in their family, or they lived in the village, and not in the city.

And from December 28, this, if one of the parents is the only child in the family, then they are allowed to give birth to a second child.

In China, for a long time there was a simple law one family is one of the child. He was adopted due to the big natural increase In the country, back in 1970.

Since 2015, it is allowed to have a full-fledged family to have two children.

I'm afraid that very bad amendments, as the population and without China is growing rapidly.

In China now, the laws have not changed much.

Now in the family is allowed for 2 children.

Let me remind you before, 1 child was allowed, the subsequent children were born with large losses for the family.

This mitigation in China perceived ambiguously.

In China, they abstained a rigorous law, one family was allowed to have only one child. But still there is still hope they have, because there are already talking, to resolve the Chinese family not only a child alone, but two. After all, someone can be born twins. Now even some families were allowed to have two children, for example, in the village of the family, the first girl was born, and since the girl was born, then they can give birth to the second.

The Chinese play back - already in November 2013, they began to mitigate the policy one family is one child; which was introduced in 1978, it turns out. Softening is that if at least one of the parents is the only child, then in his family he can have two children. Talk about the fact that after 2015 two children will be allowed to have everything. In addition, representatives of small nationalities can have any children anywhere (but it seemed to have it so much), and in some areas, rural residents can have two children if the girl was first born (the issue of the economy - parents in old age contains sons). In some areas, rural residents can have three children.

In short, the sun is difficult. But they need to raise the fertility, and there will be many elderly dependents and little workable Chinese.

Previously, it was allowed in China to have exclusively only one of the only child. On the this moment You can have a family of two children, but no more. And those who violate these rules, then this family assigns a fine, which, with the birth of a subsequent child, grows. So, here is a KVAE - a bust of the birth rate, even the prohibitions are imposed, and we have a chance in Russia, on the contrary, we pay money for the birth of the second and subsequent.

Directly by the Chinese, so far, you can officially have only one child, although compared with a few years earlier in this principle is noticeable to relax. So, they promise to allow you to have two children to those couples in which only one spouse is in turn the only child, whereas now it is possible to have two children only if both spouse are the only children. It is still possible to have two children to peasants who have the first child a girl, parents who have the first child of a disabled person and several more preferential categories. Well, the number of children from representatives small peoples Not limited, and these are the favorite peoples of the fans of the game in the eruit - She, Yao, Lee, Wa, Tu.

Since 1979, China's authorities adhered to the demographic policy of the formula "One family is one child." Since China's population, in the middle of the twentieth century, approached a billionth mark, the authorities held a number of activities aimed at reducing demographic growth. These were the propaganda of late marriages and late birth, as well as the education of the population in the field of family planning and contraception. But a key role in this policy was played by the ban on the birth of a second child. First, measures to limit the birth rate were the most severe: right up to the forced sterilization of violators and violent abortions on late time Pregnancy. In the 2000s, the government switched to a more humane policy, limited to the fines, which, however, could reach astronomical amounts. The second child in China for a long time was a non-dissimilar luxury for many families. For unauthorized pregnancy, married couples were supposed to pay the state of the amount equal to several average annual incomes in this region. Also born outside the law, children were automatically deprived of their social rights. They were not available preferential education and free medical care.

However, many married couples who wanted to expand their family, still found loopholes in law. For example, pregnant women left to give birth to autonomous Hong Kong. It was not limited to childbirth here, and the child still received Chinese citizenship. At some point, Hong Kong's authorities even had to introduce a ban on entering the region of pregnant women who did not boot a place in the hospital in advance. Some parents made their own children as adopted, which also allowed to avoid payments. In the countryside of the family who violated the law to avoid a fine, they simply stopped registering their children. As a result, the Chinese village flooded the masses of "non-existent" for the state of people.

Until now, there are a dispute among economists and sociologists, as far as the limitations introduced in the 1970s were justified. Then the Command Guide justified new measures by the fact that the Chinese industry will not be able to provide all necessary rapidly growing populations. However, it was during this period that the country began to experience a natural birthback of fertility, which usually occurs in all states as the cultivation and security of the population grows. As a result, the abnormality of reforms led to a demographic collapse.

Permission to give birth to second child

Changes in demographic policies began only in the 2010. The fact is that reducing the birth rate led to the emergence of a crisis in the pension insurance system. The number of non-working retirees in the country grew, while the number of able-bodied population paying tax deductions to the treasury was constantly reduced. The country is rapidly old, and the influx of young forces in science, public service, the army and industry also rapidly decreased.

This situation required immediate government intervention. At first, the authorities tried to avoid decisive measures. In 2013, the right to the birth of the second child in China received pairs in which at least one of the spouses himself was the only child in the family. Also in some rural regions, a law was implemented, allowing repeated childbirth in those families where the first girl appeared on the world. However, this was practically no effect on the demographic situation. According to the authorities, after new laws, more than two million babies should appear in the country. But in 2014, in China, only 400 thousand people were born more than in the past. For the state with a billion population, this figure was insignificant.

After these failures in 2015 in China officially allowed to give birth to a second child to all families without restrictions.

Results of a new policy

To date, the expected demographic explosion in China never happened. The birth rate here is only 1.5 children for one woman (the average coefficient of the world is 2.2), and in some metropolisms this figure is less than one. This paradox is associated with a number of reasons. First, the generation to which from the most early years We assured the idea that two children in the family were unacceptable, psychologically not ready for a bebi boom. Secondly, China is a country with a very bad environmental atmosphereAmong the youth is a very large number of infertility suffering. Thirdly, a long time in Chinese families practiced a pregnancy interruption in cases where it turned out that the woman shelters the girl. Moreover, in rural regions, China only recently stopped killing newborn girls. This was the cause of reducing the number of women's childbearing and the emergence of gender imbalance. Many men aged 20-40 years simply can not find themselves a companion of life and get a family.

Yet the defined demographic rise was observed in 2016, whose symbol was a monkey. According to the Eastern calendar, a man born under this sign will be lucky and clever. Despite the atheistic rate, the Chinese propaganda by the Communist Party, the Chinese retain their oldest beliefs and belong to Eastern horoscope very seriously. However, it is very doubt that a small increase in 2016 will somehow affect the further growth rates of the population.

Most experts converge in the opinion that with the implementation of the new demographic policy of China's Communist Party, at a minimum, for ten years. Very soon lack of working population will lead to a decrease industrial productionAnd this, in turn, is to the crisis. In the context of economic depression, Chinese families will again refuse childbearing, this time already voluntarily.

In China, the thaw on the demographic front. Politics "One family is one child" completely canceled on January 1, 2016. Now all families will be able to have two children. Such a decision was approved at the next plenary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China (PDA). With all the visible revolutionism of this turn, some Chinese demographers believe that measures on the weakening of the birth rate control are greatly late. "Trenta.ru" tried to figure out why the rule was canceled right now and is waiting for China Babi-boom. We included this article in the number of the best publications of 2015. Other best materials can be viewed by passing by.

From liberalism to severe control

In the first years after the formation of the PRC, demographic policies were extremely liberal. Mao Zedong believed that the more the Chinese, the better: this is a working force for agriculture and the rising industry, as well as soldiers for the People's Liberation Army. In addition, the new government was not solved to break the traditional way with multi-socket families and a high birth rate. The current chairman of the PRC Si Jinspin, born in 1950, two senior sisters and a younger brother, and it was quite typical for Chinese families of that time.

In the go was the political stamp - the energy of the multi-million people is stronger than the atomic explosion. Even thinking about the birth restrictions was Kramole - in the early 50s in China, there was a ban on the import of contraceptives, the local contraceptive production was also prohibited. In the collection of the sayings of Mao Zedong, known as the "Red Bookshift", the benefits of the country with a large population dedicated to a special quotation: "In addition to the leadership of the party, the six hundred millionthous population is another decisive factor. When many people are a lot of judgments, many enthusiasm and energy. The people's masses have never had such a lifting of the spirit, such a fighting back and high tweezing, as now. " The statement of Mao refers to 1958, but by 1976, by the year of the leader's death, the perky Chinese have become 940 million. A billion with such growth rates of the population was not far off. The consequences of non-controlled baby boom had to be broken by the heirs of the Great Quamchego.

Although from the mid-50s - early 60s, especially after the mass hunger of 1956-61, the ratio of the Chinese leadership to fertility control gradually changed, from the Draconian administrative measures in this area the state was still abstained. Of course, party officials understood that the growing population was increasingly difficult to feed the growing population, but the problem was not felt as too sharp, therefore the authorities did a bid to the educational work until time, and not on strict prohibitions.

The Forerunner "One Family is one child" - launched at the beginning of the 1970s campaign under the slogan "later - less - less." In this program, later marriages were encouraged - the recommended age of creating a family was 28 years for men and 25 years for women (in rural areas - 25 and 23 years). Family couples called on at least a four-year break between the birth of the first and second child. Finally, the third recommendation concerned the number of offspring: for urban families - no more than two, for rural - three. Numerous posters clarified the masses the benefits of such a family policy that saves resources and gives children more opportunities. In addition, the health authorities opened special divisions According to child planning, contraceptives were distributed free and interruption operations were carried out. unwanted pregnancy.

The transition to more rigid measures occurred almost simultaneously with the beginning of the reforms of Dan Xiaopin. "Planned destruction" has acquired the nature of the most important state policy. Since 1980, a countdown of a new period began, a symbol of which has become a family with one child. Here, however, there were exceptions - in rural areas it was allowed to have two children, the restrictions did not act for national minorities. However, in general, the policy was carried out very firmly - in the Constitution of the People's Republic of China, an article appeared, which stating that "both spouses should carry out planned childbearing." The violation of this rule could lead to an exception from the party and dismissal from the civil service, a system of fines for "excess children" was also introduced. Non-payment of the fine deprived a child of registration and almost all social guarantees.

The arguments that have given supporters of harsh measures, on the one hand, seemed convincing - at the turn of the 1980s created those who were born during the baby's "Great Jump" back. A country with a weak economy, which began to overcome the legacy of the experiments of the Mao era, could not afford the uncontrolled growth of the population. On the other hand, by the time of the proclamation of the policy "One family is one child" fertility declined for several years. Demographers were not once alarming - it seemed to them that China was gradually moving towards a new growth model, characteristic of most industrial countries.

Photo: Alain Le GarsMeur / Impact Photos / Global Look

Western track?

Mathematics of Sun Jiangan, who works in the defense industry, is of great importance, which is known for its contribution to the creation of the Chinese "rocket shield". Based on the writings of Western European mathematicians, Sun has built a mathematical model of the growth of the population. According to the calculations of the future chapter of the Chinese Academy of Engineering Sciences, it turned out that by 2080 the country's population will exceed four billion people. The only way to avoid a catastrophic scenario is urgently reduced fertility to one child per family and maintain this level for 20-40 years.

Of course, Sun Jian was not the only one who painted the picture of the rampant growth of the population, but the strict mathematical nature of his model served as an additional argument in favor of the adoption by the Government of Emergency Measures. It seems that the then Chinese leadership made a strong impression and forecasts of some foreign futurologists about the "demographic bomb", threatening humanity. It is no coincidence that, apparently, a synchronously started talking about confusion in China with an increase in the popularity of this topic in the West. Judging by the stories of Chinese experts, part of the theoretical foundation of the Policy "One Child" was published in 1969 the book of the American Biologist Paul Erlich "Population Bomb". Dan Xiaopin acted well in the spirit of ideas expressed in the 1970s by experts of the Rome Club - "urgently agree to short-term deprivation to provide long-term advantages." How much these deprivation were justified?

According to official statements, the policy "One family is one child" was extremely successful because it allowed to "prevent" 400 million births. True, both Chinese and foreign experts relate to this thesis skeptical. Most likely, the real figure below four times, and the policy of limiting fertility led to the mass of unfavorable demographic and social consequences.

Small emperors without brides, and economics - without workers

The only children in the family soon began to call "small emperors" - they were spoiled and worse adapted to independent life than their parents. In addition, the eternal desire of Chinese families to acquire sons led to the fact that the birth of a daughter Many couples tried to prevent. The authorities had to even legally prohibit the definition of the floor of the future child, since the number of abortions was catastrophically increased, the only motive of which was the disposal of an unwanted girl. Bans on ultrasound on the definition of Paul de Facto do not work - families are still trying to figure out who will appear. As a result, today, on average, China per 100 girls accounts for 115.8 boys, and in individual provinces of the country, this indicator raises for 120. The parents do not bother the parents that their sons will be difficult to find themselves the bride. Already, at 100 unmarried women born after 1980, there are 136 idle men.

In addition, the population will raise rapidly, which increases the pressure on the social security system. Since 2011, the number of labor is reduced. The continuation of this trend may adversely affect China's economic development. The predominance of older workers deprives the labor market of the necessary flexibility. Reducing the inflow of young frames into some key industries is fraught if not declining, then the slowdown in their growth.

Today in China, on average, one couple of newlyweds accounts for two pairs of parents, and sometimes four pairs of older grandfathers and grandparents. At the same time, the retirement system in the country is very weak. And if earlier young people could share the load with their brothers and sisters, now, being the only children in the family, they account for an essential part of their earnings to spend on the support of old people.

Thus, the "one child" policy entered a contradiction with the economic interests of the state and the task of ensuring social stability. The experts called for the abandonment of strict restrictions a long time ago, but officials stood on their own, since fines for illegal children regularly replenished the budgets of the regions. This was especially true for predominantly agricultural counties. The power of this financial flux throughout China is difficult.

In 2013, an independent investigation took a lawyer from Zhejiang Province from Yushui, who decided to make this information available to the general public. He sent official requests to the 31 family planning commission and financial departments of the provincial level with a request to provide data on how much money was collected in 2012 and they were spent on. Not everyone responded, and none of the commissions explained how the funds collected were spent. However, it turned out that the total annual amount of fees only in 17 provinces amounted to about 16.5 billion yuan (2.6 billion US dollars at the then rate). Moreover, officials responsible for collecting "social compensation" (so officially refer to the penalty for violation of the detection rules), are the most important beneficiaries of this policy. In some places, it is even used by the practice of paying a part of money as a premiums. Therefore, it can be assumed that, most likely, the fines system will survive the policy "One family is one child," just to punish the parents of Yuan will not be for the second, but for the third sibliness.

Is the demographic explosion comes?

Paul Erlich, who had a chance to survive not only the collapse of his forecasts about dozens of millions of those who died from hunger in the 1970s, but also the abolition of the Policy "One Family is one child" in China, responded to the decision of the PRC CPC, the CCP is extremely sharply. In his Twitter, a 83-year-old biologist from Stanford left such an entry "Full madness - gang" growth forever "."

However, the Chinese authorities seem to be clear that no catastrophe would happen. Since 2013, the birth permit for the birth of a second child could receive families where at least one spouse himself was the only child. As the preliminary results of this campaign show, many Chinese, especially those who live in cities, do not want to have many children. The deep transformation of the socio-economic structure of Chinese society is now, no less important factor in a low birth rate than the government's policy planning policy. According to the latest opinion polls, more than half of the Chinese younger than two children want to have no more than two children. So there is no need to expect baby boom, just the situation will return to normal for the current level of development of the country. However, the restoration of the gender balance and the adjustment of the age structure of the population will not occur. Therefore, Chinese demographers believe that the declared measures are even somewhat late.

So far it is difficult to estimate the ratio of pros and cons of the policy "One family - one child". Meanwhile, it is clear that the reforms themselves and the socio-economic progress of the country had a much greater positive effect than the rigid vertical of the birth rate, which was systematically built and maintained for three decades with the entire power of the Chinese state machine. On this recently drew attention to the Nobel laureate on the economy of Amaruta Sen: "China receives too much recognition from commentators for the attributable effectiveness of the policies of hard intervention, and much less recognition for the positive role of support measures (including a strong emphasis on education and health care, which many other countries may learn). "

China's authorities decided to abandon the birth rate of the "One family - one child", which acted in this country for several decades. "The state will allow couples to have two children and cancels the previous birth control policy," the local Xinhua agency reported on Thursday with reference to the official statement of the Chinese Communist Party.

China was forced to legally limit the family size in the 1970s, when it became clear that land, water and energy resources of the country were not designed for such a huge number of people.

According to the general rule, the Chinese families who have acquired the second child were forced to pay a large penalty - from six to eight average annual revenues in the birth region.

Today, the average number of children born in one woman during life, China has decreased from 5.8 to 1.6. However, during the entire period of the existence of the concept of "one family - one child", the Chinese authorities contributed to it adjustments, as well as somewhat softened it. So, shortly before the cancellation of the norm on the "singleness" of steam in a number of cities to have a second child was allowed to families in which each of the parents is the only child. In some rural areas, it is allowed to give birth to a second child to families where the girl was first born. At the same time, even those who formally had the right to the birth of the second child should have been a series of bureaucratic procedures to get on this official permission.

Violators of demographic policies have been taxed by a high fine. In the media regularly got information about the fact that local officials forcing women deciding on the second child to abortions in late pregnancy. The only opportunity to bypass the acting order becomes the birth of a child abroad, which is widely practiced by secured Chinese families.

Chinese are satisfied and consider money

Most residents of the PRC managed to communicate "Gazeta.Ru", positively perceived news about changing the demographic policy of this country.

"I think most people will react well. It is not always the first time for couples from the first time, it turns out the boy, and in Chinese society, men want her son, heir. Such here traditions.

And if the girl in the name is a special hieroglyph, which means the word "boy", then it means that her parents want the next child to be a boy, "

- tells Altynai Su Le Lee, a 23-year-old student of one of the Beijing universities, a citizen of China.

"When the restrictions are removed, most people are always perceived with joy. My boss, for example, has two children, but wants more and constantly talks about the need for mitigations in the field of demographic regulation. Construction in China is now in an incredible pace, and construction in all directions - from ordinary residential buildings to incredible roads, airports, railways with high-speed directions, everything is done for the convenience and comfort of people; People, as I think, will treat it positively, as well as to many other things, what is being done in the current PRC, "said Anton Deakonov, permanently residing in the PRC.

However, some Chinese stressed that demographic policy is not the only obstacle to the creation of a large family.

"I don't think that now everyone will take advantage of this mitigation of the rules and acquire a second child. Today in China a lot is expensive, especially education. There are other problems associated with social support. The same retirement is not received, "said Catherine Bua Zong, who moved to Chinese People's Republic After married a citizen of this country married.

Experts do not know what to think

An ambiguous assessment of the news about changing the policies of the PRC authorities in relation to the fertility caused from experts. "Today's decision of the CCP is an epochal event. The principle of "one family is one child" - it was a forced measure, and what he is canceled, says that China has moved to a higher level of development. This is evidenced by statistical data:

over the past 10 years, the number of middle-class representatives has grown from 20 million people to 200 million! "

- said "Gazeta.Ru" President of the Autonomous Non-Profit Organization "Russian-Chinese Analytical Center" Sergey Sanakoev.

"For the modern China, the family resolution has only one child was really relevant problem. And to the cancellation of this policy, the authorities were gradually: for example, allowed to have two children of those couples, where at least one of her members himself was from a single family. In principle, the policy "One family is one child" had a positive effect on the economy of the PRC: because of her, about 400 million people were not allowed, and the money for their provision was spent on the economic development of the state. As a result, China was among the first economies of the world, "the demographer, a leading researcher at the Institute, noted in a conversation with Gazeta.Ru Far East RAS Elena Bazhenova. But, according to her, in the future, this principle began to slow down the development of China, because of what was canceled.

"First, these measures led to aging of the population: at present those Chinese, for 65, more than 10% of the total number of residents of the country. And the residents of the countryside are now in the PRC it is impossible to get a pension. In addition, there are gender inequality. Now in China, men are 40 million more than women, "said the expert.

"Among familiar to me, the Chinese did not cause this news of the excitement. And before today's day Most Chinese families have two children. Politics "One family is one child" more complicated than they think in Russia.

So, parents who were in their families the only child could give birth to two children. Also, families could give birth to a second and third child (and in the increasing) when paying a fine, the size of which was significantly different in different provinces and cities, "said Gazeta.Ru, General Director of Optim Consult (Guangzhou, China) Evgeny Wheels, who lives in PRC for more than 17 years. He noted that the innovation would facilitate the lives of the Chinese, but those residents of the country who wanted the second child could have been done before.

"In general: who wanted the second child, could afford it. Those who are not, and tomorrow will not ride massively give birth. It should be understood that most of the non-residents who heard about this policy were distracted too much.

The Chinese gave birth and will give birth.

These days in Greece, the children's championship of the World Chess (I am interested in chess news, as my son is chess player), so you look at the composition of the American, Canadian teams, for example. You will see there in large quantities Such names like Van, Lee, Yu Zhou, Hu. The Chinese are very sly, they find ways to multiply, "smiles of wheels.

Russia does not "yellow"

Most experts converge that the abolition of the principle of "one family is one child" will not cause the mass migration of the Chinese to the Russian territory.

"In my opinion, ideas about the threat of mass penetration of immigrants from the PRC to us are largely fetched. The fact is that in China itself, the development of territories occurs very unevenly. There are very developed oriental, seaside territories, and there is a poorly developed Xinjiang-Uygur Autonomous region, which includes 11 provinces of the PRC. Meanwhile, in the undeveloped territories, huge reserves of natural gas, oil, and the entire table of Mendeleeva can be found there, "said Elena Bazhenova, a leading researcher in the Institute of Far East.

According to her,

now the Chinese authorities will be able to send more investments and, most importantly, the workforce into underdeveloped regions.

"We should not expect the growth in the number of Chinese: we don't have such a favorable climate for them, there are no proper conditions for business development here. All this does not contribute to their migration to Russia, "the expert noted.

"The threat of growth in the number of Chinese migrants is myth, an outside to embroil our peoples. We have the most stable border with China today, and we have a very disciplined citizens to the order of entry and stay. The same is the same reason why the Chinese will not go to us in large quantities: the conditions for business and for life it is often better in this country than in our country, and there is no need to visit Chinese citizens here, "said the head of the Russian-Chinese analytical center Sergey Sanacoev.

Cancel policy "One family is one child" in China

How did the power of China come to this decision, and what caused the cancellation of such tough measures?

Causes of Demographic Course

In the late 1970s. The leadership of the PRC proclaimed the implementation of the Policy "One Family is one child" in order to control the growth of the population. Families in the cities were allowed to have only one child, and in the villages - two, if the first child is a girl. Representatives of national minorities - about 8% of China's population - could have two children on the family in the city and three or four, if they live in rural areas. However, over time, this policy has led to demographic skewers, such as gender imbalance and aging of the population.

According to the end of 2014, China's population amounted to 1 billion 367 million 820 thousand people. Of the total population of 51.2% - men, 48.8% - women, about 15.5% - people over 60 years old (see diagnostic. 1).

Diagram 1. Dynamics of changes in the number of different age groups.

Compiled by: Zhongo Tongji Nanjiang 2015 ("Annual Statistical Collection of 2015"). Tab. 2-4 (electronic version).

Since 2003, the share of children under the age of 14 began to decline steadily, while the number of elderly people demonstrates constant growth over the past three decades. If in 2010 the share of the PPC population over 60 years old was 12%, then, according to the UN estimates, by 2050 it will increase to one third of the country's total population.

Gender imbalance is another one of the results of the implementation of the birth restriction policy. So far, Chinese women prefer to interrupt pregnancy, if you find out that the future child is a girl. In 2014, for every 100 girls under the age of 10 years accounted for 118 boys, the average for the country the ratio of men and women, respectively, is 105.1: 100.

In 2013, the authorities went to the weakening of demographic policies. The second child was allowed to have couples, where at least one of the spouses is the only child in his family. Since mitigating restrictions on the birth of the second child, about 1.5 million families appealed, which lags behind the target of the government in 2 million families per year.

Now the second child will be able to have all families. The final document adopted at the plenum of the CCP Central Committee states that "a policy change is directed to balance the development of the population and solve the problem of aging."

The decision taken by the Communist Party caused a wide public resonance. Chinese citizens began to actively discuss innovation: there were those who actively supported this decision, but there are still a lot of opponents of such a policy.

The second child will not only bring significant changes to each individual family, but also will have an impact on the development of the whole society as a whole. In such a situation, such social institutions, as education, health care and the pension system, will be a much higher load than it was before.

Currently, China seeks to pay more and more attention to the development of the social sphere as a whole. The competitiveness of the state has become largely determined by the competitiveness of the population. In this regard, the development of human capital is called one of the most important components in the process of further modernization of the PRC economy. With confidence it can be said that the change of demographic policy will bring a lot of challenges to the education system and education management in the country.

Educational resources will be putting pressure from the growing population, and the first blow will have to preschool and primary education. Over time, influence new politics It becomes more and more noticeable and on the subsequent levels of education.

Education in China today

Modern education system in the PRC built by model western countries. It includes pre-school education, primary schools, secondary education of the first and second stage, as well as higher educational institutions. Over the years of reform, the Chinese government has made tremendous efforts to reform the old education system. As a result, the number of educational population has increased rapidly. To date, 95% of the country's districts are covered by mandatory primary training, 99% of school children go to school (coverage primary education reaches 99%, average - 89%), the number of students in the highest educational institutions (Higher education coverage is 26.7%). On the country's scale, the share of illiterate among young people of young and middle age has decreased to 4.6%.

However, to this day there are a lot of contradictions in the development of education on each of the steps. First of all, these are questions of access to the formation of various segments of the population, financing and uneven development issues across the country.

In China, a system of compulsory nine-year-old education has been formed (training in primary and high schoole of the first step), which is officially considered free for all citizens of the PRC. In fact, for training and on these two educational steps, Chinese families have to pay. They pay textbooks, educational contributions, accommodation in boarding schools, if we are talking about rural areas, and there are still a lot of other current contributions. This makes access to the formation unequal for various representatives of Chinese society. More vulnerable layers, such as rural residents and migrants who came from other regions of the country to work, are not able to ensure a decent education to their children.

In addition, today there are many other imbalances in the development of the educational sphere today.

The consequences of the new policy for the education system

Ready Lie modern system Education to upcoming changes? Consider the situation with the development of the educational sector in the PRC (see Table 1) .

Table 1. Data on the number of students, the teaching staff and the number of educational institutions

Kindergartens	Number of gardens (thousand)
	Number of educators (thousand people)
	Number of students (million people)
Primary schools	Number of schools (thousand)
	Number of students (million people)
Medium Schools of the first stage	Number of schools (thousand)
	Number of teachers (million people)
	Number of students (million people)
Secondary secondary schools	Number of schools (thousand)
	Number of students (million people)
	Number of universities
	Number of teachers (thousand people)
	Number of students (million people)

Compiled by: Zhongo Tunji Nyanjian 2015 ("Annual Statistical Collection of 2015"). Tab. 2-5, 2-6, 2-7 (electronic variant).

At the steps of preschool and higher education, there is a tendency to increase the number of students and teachers, as well as an increase in the number of educational institutions. Over the past few years, the authorities have become more attention to the construction of kindergartens and the development of pre-school learning, which was almost absent in the general education system of China. The development of higher education and the preparation of new highly qualified personnel has also become the most important part of the state economic policy. That is why, in the last decade, such a rapid rise is indicative in this educational sphere.

However, in the schools of primary and medium steps, on the contrary, there has been a decrease in both the number of students and the number of educational institutions. This is partly due to the government sold since the beginning of 2000. The merger and closure of small village schools in order to create large modern county training centers. The increase in the number of pedagogical composition at certain stages is certainly a positive effect on the quality of training, however, in primary and secondary schools, it is still possible to observe a tendency to increase the number of students per teacher.

The country will require more and more new training centers, and therefore it is likely to suspend the policy of "closing and merging schools" in the last decade. Otherwise, the number of classes in schools can increase significantly.

The number of students in classes and the ratio of teachers and students are the most important components in educational process And, as a result, affect the quality of the resulting formation.

The Ministry of Education of the PRC decided that the number of students in classes elementary school should not exceed 40-45 people, in the middle - 45-50 (see diagnosis . 2). In fact, the situation with the number of classes in Chinese schools even now remains quite tense. Large largest classes (more than 66 people) prevail in urban-type settlements. In addition, large classes with a number of more than 45 people constitute a significant share in both villages and cities (30.5% and 23.5%, respectively). Obviously, in the context of the coming increase in the birth rate of the problem of lack of educational institutions and the growth of numerous classes will be even more relevant.

Chart 2. Regional distribution of classes depending on the number of students, 2011

Compiled by: In Gu Zhunsyao Charodaban E Xiansyan De Dyost (study of the phenomena of crowded classes in primary secondary schools). Beijing, Edition of the Academy of Sciences of the PRC, 2011, p. 168.

The Ministry of Education will have to improve the planning of the development of this industry, reform the financing system, take timely decisions based on demographic changes.

In addition to difficulties with a shortage of educational institutions, China also faces the problem of the insufficient number of qualified pedagogical composition. IN last years The authorities implement a number of programs to attract young people to this profession, encourage the departure of young professionals to remote regions of the country to work. For example, on the basis of a number of largest pedagogical universities, a program of free training of young people with their subsequent employment in various parts of the country was deployed.

The main teacher of China is relatively young. Men teachers under the 45 years old are 32.78%, women -44.26%, while teachers older than 45 years - 15.09% and 7.87%, respectively.

However, some difficulties may arise here. The share of women's teachers is quite large and ranges from 45 to 65% of the total teaching staff at the primary and high school stages, as well as in special educational institutions for children with disabilities. At the stage of preschool education, they are at all represent the basic composition of educators (97%). A number of Chinese researchers and representatives of the educational sphere expressed their assumptions that changes in demographic policies will affect the number of teaching staff not only due to the fact that the increase in the number of teachers will be required, but also because there are many women teachers will also want to start a second child . This will entail the need to provide them with maternity leave, payments of relevant funds and providing replacements in classes for the entire estimated period of absence.

Is society ready to change in demographic politics?

In addition to organizational issues that may arise in the education system in the near future, there is another side of the question: how will citizens themselves are ready for future social rearrangements?

Over the years of the implementation of the policy "One family is one child" the structure and concept of a family in China has undergone significant changes. In the past, China has always been a country where families were traditionally numerous. This formed a certain structure of society. Since the beginning of the implementation of the new policy of this tradition in China, a significant damage was inflicted, and therefore returning to families with more than one child, it can become a difficult transformation for Chinese society. The generation of people who grew up in families, where all attention was paid only to them, should adapt to new realities, when now their children will grow with brothers and sisters, and the upbringing of two children - the task is more complicated.

Some Chinese researchers suggest that the appearance of the second child in the family will have a positive effect on the education of the younger generation, since finally the phenomenon will finally come to the phenomenon of "small emperors" - only children in families who grow spoiled and completely not ready for adult independent life.

On the scope chinese InternetIn social networks and various blogs there were many polls on whether families are planning with one child's birthday. 56% of respondents answered that they were not ready for a similar step due to economic difficulties, 17% note that it was "very tiring", 9% cannot afford the birth of another child because of excessive employment at work.

The education of children in Chinese families is a significant part of all available financial resources. Expenses only on education can reach 2/3 of the family budget. According to the report published in one of the printed publications of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, the child's upbringing and training from the moment of birth and up to 18 years is spent 490 thousand yuan. At the same time, almost 90% of the total amount is precisely the cost of education at various steps, ranging from kindergarten And ending with the university. This includes current training contributions (about 60% of all expenses) that exist, despite even the fact that compulsory nine-year-old education in China is free, the cost of books and stationery (about 10%), additional classes and consultations (20% ), as well as payment for accommodation in boarding schools (about 10%), if we are talking about remote rural areas. The authorities attempt to introduce various preferential programs and providing financial assistance to low-income families, but on the scale of the whole country, this problem still remains more than a pressing.

Obviously, at such a high cost of education, not all Chinese citizens are ready for the upbringing of the second child. There is an assumption that it is for this reason that mid-class representatives are unlikely to go to the birth of another child, while more poor and, on the contrary, the richest layers of Chinese society are likely to take advantage of these relaxation in demographic policies: the first - due to Opportunities to get another "working hands" in the family, and the second - due to the availability of sufficient financial resources.

It is worth mentioning about the attitude of the young people themselves to the presence of brothers and sisters, which is also rather ambiguous. For example, according to one of the social skins conducted by the British newspaper Guardian,representatives of the first wave of "single children in the family" preferably willingly expressed the emergence of the second child in the family; Many of them note that in childhood they lacked brothers and sisters with which they would be more fun and easier to grow together. However, the younger than the age of respondents, the rapidly change their position. Children born after 2000, more often would not like to give up their "privileged" position in the family of younger. The most popular answers among the respondents were: unwillingness to have brother or sister, because "All the attention of parents will be directed to them," and that "the second child in the family will greatly interfere with their studies, it will be necessary to spend a lot of time with him until parents are at work, there will be a lot of noise and disorder from him."

Currently, China is on the way of modernizing the economic development model, the basis of which was proclaimed expanding the domestic market, as well as the development of human capital. However, now the leadership of the PRC will have to take into account those new problems and challenges that will arise in the education system after the introduction of a new demographic policy. From how correctly the authorities are suitable for transformations in this field, certainly depends largely the future of the country.

MGIMO (Y) Foreign Ministry of Russia
Zhonggun di Shiba Zie Zhongyang Weiuanhui di at Tsyu Zuyang Hui Hui Hui (Tsuan Wen) (full text of the report of the 5th Plenum of the Central Committee of the CCP of the 18th convocation) // Xinhua Agency. 10.29.2015 - http://news.china.com.cn/2015 - 10/29 / Content_36929260.htm
Zhongo Tongji Nyanjian 2015 (annual statistical collection 2015). Tab. 2 - 1 (electronic version).
NUNTSUN Jiaid Zhich (analysis of expenditures on the formation of rural families), 2013.
China Ends One-Child Policy After 35 Years // The Guardian, 10/29/2015.